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MOTIVATION

MOTIVATION. 2013. How we motivate ourselves to take action is one of the keys to long-term success. (Canfield, 2005; Krauss, 2002; Smith, 2004). Motivation defined. m otive : a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal

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MOTIVATION

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  1. MOTIVATION 2013

  2. How we motivate ourselves to take action is one of the keys to long-term success. (Canfield, 2005; Krauss, 2002; Smith, 2004)

  3. Motivation defined • motive: a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal • motivation: an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal

  4. What motivates you?

  5. Which do you find most inspiring? Why?

  6. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION • Theories of motivation focus either on internal or external influences on our behavior. • Biological Theories • Drive-reduction theory • Instinct theory • Arousal theory – Yerkes-Dodson Law • Behavioral Theory • Incentive Theory • Humanistic Theory • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  7. Need: a condition in which we require something we don’t have • Biological: water, food, sleep • Psychological: self-esteem, achievement, social approval NEEDS give rise to DRIVES DRIVES: forces that motivate us to act MOTIVATION NEEDS & DRIVES biological need for food hunger = drive

  8. Theories of motivation focus on either INTERNAL or EXTERNAL influences on behavior Internal influences genetics External influences Self-actualization incentives Cultural expectations

  9. Drive-reduction theory • Our behavior is motivated by needs • Needs can by biological & psychological • Needs give rise to drives: forces that motivate us to act • We experience a drive based on a need unpleasant tension & we learn to do what we need to reduce that tension.

  10. DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY Our bodies seek homeostasis – an balanced internal state (reduced tension caused by needs) Examples: Sweating -An increase in body temperature causes physiological response Eating -Hunger drive causes you to get a snack. Applies to many biological drives but others??

  11. INSTINCT THEORY Nesting in birds instinct: an unlearned, inherited fixed pattern of behavior theory proposed much of human behavior is controlled by a variety of instincts Dogs shaking off Crying & sucking reflex in babies Sea turtles to sea after hatching

  12. Instinct theory applied & shortcomings Lorenz and Imprinting Problems with Instinct Theory Doesn’t explain behavior ex. human aggressive behavior is caused by the instinct aggression * Most behavior “caused” by instincts is actually learned & shaped by experience. (ex. Aggression) • rapid learning that occurs during a brief period usually right after birth or hatching • Form of attachment – long lasting • Konrad Lorenz (ethologist) studied imprinting and geese • 1935 Famous study – showed young geese could be “imprinted” on anything during 1st few days of life http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqZmW7uIPW4&feature=related

  13. Motivated to increase or decrease levels of arousal THE AROUSAL THEORY Yerkes Dodson Law Research indicates that animals & people perform best when their nervous system is at an optimum level of arousal We all have a different need for excitement or arousal, and we are motivated by activities that help us achieve this level. The “Goldilocks” principle of motivation – too sleepy OR too nervous perform poorly…

  14. Behavioral theories

  15. INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS Intrinsic motivators: desire to perform well for your own sake, for fun, or because it is interesting to YOU Extrinsic motivators: desire to perform because of a promised reward or threat of punishment Research of Deci & Ryan proposed if people extrinsic rewards for behavior people find satisfying  less creative & productive “motivational crowding out”

  16. Deci & Ryan’s research had flaws…if rewarding people extrinsically for doing something they are already motivated to do decreases their productivity...why should anyone receive pay raises, promotions, or bonuses? Self-determination theory: you can have a combination of both intrinsic & extrinsic motivators at work/school BUT the most satisfying are those that allow you to feel most in control of your behavior THE MORE AUTONOMY YOU FEEL...THE MORE SELF-DIRECTED YOU ARE THE MORE SATISFIED YOU’LL BE If you feel events are controlled by factors outside your self (external)…less satisfied.

  17. One way to develop intrinsic motivation: Develop self-control https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ

  18. Another way to develop intrinsic motivation: focus on decision making. • Strategies Including: • Self-affirmation exercises • Focusing on better times • “reflection cards” • Recognize what is and what is not in your control • -Dr. Roy Baumeister

  19. Think about it: Who controls your fate? Internality, Chance, and Powerful Others Scale Your Task: In your journal, record the results from the self-test on Internality & Chance. -Do you agree with results? Why or why not? -What’s your “take away” from this test? -How might it relate to your own motivation?

  20. INCENTIVE THEORY Any stimulus you think has either a positive or negative outcome for you will be an incentive Value of incentives change over time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc Excerpt describing a point in Daniel Pink’s book Drive Good marketing strategies cause you to want something you neither have nor thought you needed.

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