Parasitism and parasites. Adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle. The cycle of the parasite.

1. Parasitism and parasites. Adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle. The cycle of the parasite.

2. NAME: BAHRUL AMIN ROLL NO : 03 GROUP : 07 SEMESTER: 2ND SUBJECT: MED BIOLOGY Presentedto:Dr. Ainagul Jalilova

3. PARASITISM Parasitism is defined as a relationship between two species in which one organism (parasite) lives on or within the other organism (host), causing the host some degree of harm. A parasite reduces its host's fitness but increases its own fitness, usually by gaining food and shelter. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another. The species that benefits is called the parasite, while the one that is harmed is called the host. Over half of all known species are parasites. Parasites are found in all biological kingdoms.

4. What’s a parasite? – hard to define • Intimate contact (feed off host) Usually do not kill host (parasitoids do) • Herbivores(?) • Parasitic Plants • Holoparasites (lack chlorophyll) – Rafflesia (biggest flower) • Hemiparasites (photosynthesize) – Mistletoe • Microparasites – reproduce inside host • Bacteria, viruses • Macroparasites – release juvenile outside • E.g. trematodes • Ectoparasites vs. endoparasites

5. NestParasites • Brownheaded Cowbird • European Cuckoo • SexualParasites • Gynogenetic fishes • Amazon molly • Resided/Finescale Dace hybrid “Weird” Parasites

6. Parasitism Common • 01 Possibly more parasites than anything else • 50% of insects parasitic • Potentially 4:1 parasites:free-living forms. • 02 Often complex life cycles • E.g. lancet fluke, other trematodes • Several intermediate hosts Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here

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9. Modeling Parasitism • Complex because of intermediate hosts, and infection rate • Not usually sensitive to “actual” r for parasite (this is gigantically high) • Important variables: • Rp – number of infected hosts • If Rp> 1 then parasite spreads • For microparasites • Rp = NBL • N – density of susceptible hosts • B – transmission rate of parasite • L – length of time host is infectious • Nt(host pop. size) = 1/BL (if Rp = 1) • Critical host density (upshot is disease cycles as Nt reached by recruitment)

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11. Effects on natural populations • Introduced parasites – large effect • Chestnut blight, Dutch elm etc. • Natural systems • Dodder (Cuscuta) – plant parasite – may act to maintain diversity • Fuller and Blaustein – deer mice • Found infected had lower overwinter survival • Hurtrez-Bousses – microwaved blue tit nests • Found higher size at fledging and lower failure rate • Red Grouse

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14. Community Effects

15. Parasitology Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. Meatazoans Three Classes Trematodes (flukes-flat worms) Cestodes (tape worms) Nematodes (round worms) Major Stages of Life Cycle Ova Adult (Mature Parasite)

16. Metazoans Monecious - having male and female reproductive organs in the same animal. Diecious - sexually distinct; denoting species in which male and female genitals do not occur in the same individual

17. Trematoda Most trematodes have complex life cycles, with larval stages parasitizing one or more species that are different from host of adults. Larval stages of some medically important species include miracidium, redia, cercaria, and metacercaria. Most trematodes are endoparasites. They include several parasites that have an enormous impact on human populations, such as human liver flukes and the blood flukes.

18. Trematoda Clonorchiussinesis causes hepatic portal disease, very painful, affects liver

20. Trematoda Schisotosomamansoni blood flukes that targets organs that are fed by blood. Your Text Here You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations.

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22. Trematoda Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke orsheep liver fluke, is a Parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes that infect liver of various mammals, including humans.

23. Cestoda Cestoda is a class of parasitic flatworms, commonly called Tapeworms. Tapeworms live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults and often in the bodies of various animals as juveniles. Your Text Here Your Text Here Your Text Here

24. Cestoda Taeniasaginata The beef tapeworm can grow up to 40 feet long (12 m); other species may grow to over 100 feet (30 m).

25. Taeniasolium This infection is caused by ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of a human tapeworm carrier. Pigs and humans become infected by ingesting eggs or gravid proglottids. Humans are infected either by ingestion of food contaminated with feces containing eggs, or by autoinfection

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27. Cestoda Echinococcusgranulosus Hydatid worm parasitizes the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes hydatid disease. Hydatid disease is treated with surgery, taking special care to leave the cyst intact so new cysts do not Form.

28. Nematoda (Round Worms) Nematoda , phylum consisting of about 12,000 known species, and many more predicted species of worms (commonly known as roundworms or threadworms). Nematodes live in the soil and other terrestrial habitats as well as in freshwater and marine environments. Many are damaging parasites of plants and animals, including humans.

29. Exoparasites These don’t really cause Infection. They are responsible for infestations. Insecta (6 legs) – fleas, Lice Arachnidia (8 legs) – ticks, mites

30. Exoparasites Body Louse Pediculushumanus Lice are six-legged blood-sucking parasitic insects that live near the surface of the skin, often clinging to the shafts of human hair. They can travel quickly, up to 10 inches per minute, which explains why they are so contagious. Infestation with lice is called “pediculosis.” In the U.S., head lice and pubic (crab) lice are the most common forms of pediculosis.

31. Exoparasites Crab Louse Pthirus pubis Pubic lice (or crab lice) are usually transmitted sexually and are among the most contagious of STDs. Condoms do not prevent the spread of pubic lice. Nonsexual transmission of public lice is also possible.

32. ExoparasitesBody Louse comparison to Crab Louse Body louse claw are adapted for round hair common with body and head hair. Crab louse claw is adapted for oval shaped hair common with pubic hair and eye lashes.

33. Exoparasites (Bed Bugs) Bed bugs, Cimexlectularius , are blood feeding parasites of humans, chickens, bats and occasionally domesticated animals (Usinger 1966). Bed bugs are suspected carriers of leprosy, oriental sore, Q-fever, and brucellosis (Krueger 2000) but have never been implicated in the spread of disease to humans (Dolling 1991).

34. Exoparasites Insects and arachnids are much more important as vectors that as parasites. Mosquitoes transmit malaria Ticks transmit Lyme’s disease Fleas transmit plague

35. Thank you