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Chapter 2 Overview of Environmental Issues

Chapter 2 Overview of Environmental Issues. 2.1 INTRODUCTION. take for granted jeopardized 有危险的 dangerous smoke - laden air 有雾的空气 waterborne diseases 经水传播的疾病 eliminate 消除 skyrocket 猛涨 spawn 产生 address 从事

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Chapter 2 Overview of Environmental Issues

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  1. Chapter 2 Overview of Environmental Issues

  2. 2.1 INTRODUCTION take for granted jeopardized 有危险的 dangerous smoke-laden air 有雾的空气 waterborne diseases 经水传播的疾病 eliminate 消除 skyrocket 猛涨 spawn 产生 address 从事 pose 提出 put forward for convenience This chapter provides the basic building blocks for that perspective.

  3. 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 钻研、深入研究 spectrum 范围 acute chronic carcinogenic delve into inhalation 吸入 dizziness 头晕眼花 respiratory ailments 呼吸疾病 asthma 哮喘 幸福 welfare exacerbate 恶化 visibility 能见度 aesthetic 审美的 recreational opportunities 娱乐的有利环境 sustainable development free from air pollution

  4. 2.3 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS 2.3.1 Criteria Air Pollutants 油烟、煤灰 locomotive 机车、火车头 soot stagnation 停滞、不流动 particulate matter landmark 里程碑 launch 开始、开办 ambient 外部的 stringent 严格的 power plants 电厂 重要性 magnitude

  5. haze 烟雾 combustion 燃烧 cardiovascular 心脏血管的 aerodynamic diameter 空气动力学直径 VOCS=volatile organic compounds soiling 弄脏 nuisance 讨厌的 residues 残余 steel mills 钢厂 smelters 冶炼厂 diesel engines 柴油引擎

  6. aggravation 恶化 asthmatics 哮喘症患者 bronchitis 支气管炎 emphysema 肺气肿 precipitation 沉淀 fossil fuels 化石燃料 hemoglobin 血红素 spectrum 幅度、范围 reddish-brown 红褐色 equivalent 当量

  7. stratosphere 平流层 hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物 ROGS= reactive organic gases photochemical 光化学作用的 tropospheric 对流层的 oxidants 氧化剂 cauldron 大气锅 solvents 溶剂 neurological 神经的 vulnerable 易受伤害的 ingest 摄取、吸收

  8. 2.3.2 Air Toxics HAPs=hazardous air pollutants dose 剂量、药量 ROGS= reactive organic gases asbestos 石棉 benzene 苯 immunological 免疫的 mutagenic 致突变的 cumbersome 难处理的 TRI=Toxics Release Inventory 毒物排放列表

  9. 2.3.3 Acid Deposition fallout 附带结果 angler 渔夫 altitude 纬度 vicinity 附近 prevailing winds 季风、主导风向 acidification 酸性 enzymes 酶 hormones 荷尔蒙 soil erosion 土壤侵蚀 sedimentation 沉淀 limestone 石灰石 sulfate 硫酸盐 as a result cap 上限 cost-effective 合算的

  10. 2.3.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion incident 入射 ultraviolet 紫外线 cataracts 白内障 phytoplankton 浮游植物 domino effect 多米诺效应 CFCs=chlorofluorocarbons 氟氯烃 nonflammable 不易燃烧的 refrigeration 冷冻 aerosol cans 气溶胶罐 freon 氟利昂 bromine 溴 extinguisher 灭火剂

  11. 2.3.5 Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) brand 加以污名、加商标于 trap 截留 infrared 红外线的 ℃=centigrade ℉=Fahrenheit culprit 刑事被告 Intergovernmental Panel 政府间专门小组 PFCs=perfluorocarbons 全氟烃 ban 禁止 index 指数 distinguish from 区别于 ratification 批准

  12. 2.4 Water Pollution sewer system typhoid 伤寒 cholera 霍乱 diarrhea 腹泻 dysentery 痢疾 gastrointestinal 肠胃的 status 现状 surface waters groundwater aquifer 含水层 retain 保留 percolating 渗滤 spring 泉 point source nonpoint source pathogen 病原体 protozoa 原生动物 parasitic worms 寄生虫 helminths

  13. organic wastes :oxygen-depleting substances suffocation 窒息 larvae 幼虫 juvenile 未发育完全的 immature paper mills septic tank 化粪池 BOD biological oxygen demand COD chemical oxygen demand nutrients : nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication:富营养化 nitrate 硝酸盐 nitrite 亚硝酸盐 alga (sing) algae (pl.)

  14. anaerobic 厌氧的 anoxic 缺氧的 aerobic 好氧的 Toxic organic chemical mutagen 致突变物质 oil spills 溢油 devastate 毁坏 trace 痕量 notorious 臭名昭彰的 insecticide 杀虫剂 herbicides 除草剂 Toxic metal chromium 铬 cobalt 钴 manganese 锰 molybdenum 钼 vanadium 钒 strontium 锶 incineration 焚化 combustion 燃烧

  15. methylmercury 甲基汞 Sediments and Suspended solids silt 砂 TSS =total suspended solids estuary 海湾 Acidity trout 鳟鱼 effluent 出水 influent 进水 TDS= total dissolved solids transpiration 蒸腾作用 Heat scheduled maintenance 规定(定期、例行)维护

  16. 2. 5 Solid and Hazardous Wastes rodent 啮齿动物 2.5.1 Hazardous Waste acronym 首字母缩写 ignitability 可燃性 corrosivity 腐蚀性 reactivity toxicity threshold 范围 cradle-to-grave landfill 填埋场 retroactively 反作用的

  17. 2. 5.2 Nonhazardous Wastes MSW= municipal solid waste vermin 害虫 landfill wastes 填埋废物 methane 甲烷 incinerator 焚化炉 cross-media 2.6 Radioactive wastes ore 矿 2.6.1 high-level Waste subatomic 亚原子的 half-life

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