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Theory of Flight Wing Design

Theory of Flight Wing Design. Reference. From the Ground Up Chapter 2.1.2: Design of the Wing Pages 20 - 23. Introduction.

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Theory of Flight Wing Design

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  1. Theory of FlightWing Design

  2. Reference From the Ground Up Chapter 2.1.2: Design of the Wing Pages 20 - 23

  3. Introduction • There are many different airfoil designs. The type of operation for which an airplane is intended has a direct influence on the design and shape of the wing for that airplane. • Normally, an airplane designed for slow speed uses a thick airfoil and a thin airfoil is best for high speed.

  4. Outline • Camber & Planform • Angle of Incidence • Wingtips and Wing Fences • Wash Out • Flaps & Spoilers

  5. Wing Design • Conventional Airfoils • Thick, for stronger structure • Camber is farther rearward, which Increases lifting capability over more of wing and decreases drag • For larger, slower aircraft (such as cargo planes) • Thickest at 25% chord

  6. Wing Design • Laminar Flow Airfoils • Usually thin • Leading edge more pointed and upper and lower surfaces nearly symmetrical • For smaller, faster aircraft (such as fighter jets) • Thickest at 50% chord

  7. Planform • Planform – Shape of wing as seen from above • Aspect Ratio – Ratio of wing span to Chord (or MAC) • High Aspect Ratio creates more lift and less induced drag

  8. Angle of Incidence • Angle that wing is attached to fuselage • Angle between wing and longitudinal axis (or the horizontal) Angle of Incidence Longitudinal Axis Longitudinal Axis

  9. Wing Tip Design • Different wing tip devices disrupt vortices, thus decreases induced drag. Some devices: • Wing tip tanks • Wing tip plates • Droop wing tip • Winglets

  10. Wing Fences • Small fin-like surfaces on upper surface of wing • Control and straighten airflow, reduce wing vortices, and therefore reduce induced drag • Provide better slow speed handling and stall characteristics

  11. Wash-Out • Wash-Out - Twist in the wing so wing tip has smaller angle of incidence than wing root • Reduces tendency of wing to stall suddenly • Wing tips stall last, so ailerons remain effective

  12. Flaps and Spoilers • Slats - Airfoils on leading edge that pull out at high angle of attacks. They help improve lateral control by smoothing out turbulent airflow • Slots - Passageways in leading edge. At high angles of attack, air flows through holes smoothing out turbulent airflow • Leading Edge Flap – Increase camber and increase lift

  13. Flaps and Spoilers

  14. Flaps and Spoilers • Spoilers - Devices fitted into wing that increase drag and decrease lift • Speed Brakes – Devices on wing or fuselage that increase drag

  15. Flaps and Spoilers • Flaps are high lift devices that increase the camber of the wing. Flaps give you: • Better Take-off Performance • Steeper Approach Angles • Lower Approach/Landing Speeds

  16. Next Lesson 2.3 - Theory of Flight Airplane Axes From the Ground Up Chapters 2.1.3, 2.1.4: The Axes of an Airplane, Stability Pages 23 – 26

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