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History and culture of the Punjab Part - 3

History and culture of the Punjab Part - 3. 1. MAIN FEATURES OF THE EARLY BRITISH ADMINISTRATION. Formation of the board of Administration

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History and culture of the Punjab Part - 3

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  1. History and culture of the Punjab Part - 3

  2. 1.MAIN FEATURES OF THE EARLY BRITISH ADMINISTRATION

  3. Formation of the board of Administration Lord Dalhousie constituted the board of administration by inducting into it the most experienced and seasoned British officers. Henry Lawrence worked as British resident at Lahore Darbar before the second Anglo-Sikh war of 1884-49 A.D. The second member of the Board of Administration was his brother John Lawrence the art of administration like his brother but differed widely in respect of various policies about Punjab. The third member was Charles Mansel who was equally competent. Henry Lawrence was made the President. Board of administration set up by Lord Dalhousie consisted of a President and two member. The Board Administration worked from 1849 to 1853 A.D The only change made in the Board was that in 1851 A.D. Charles mansel was replased by Robert Montogomery as its member.

  4. Division of work between the members Henry Lawrence, was to handle the military and political affairs. John Lawrence was given the charge of land revenue and financial matters. Charles Mansel was to supervise and look after the administration of jistice. Powers of the Board of Administration Unlimited powers it was made the final court of appeal with powers of life and death. British officers drawn from the civil and military services. Problems faced by the Board on its formation in 1849 A.D. • To establish in Punjab peace, law and order. • Disband the sikh army. • Disarm the sikhs in Punjab. • Defensive arrangements for the North-Western Frontiers. • Punjab financially sound by increasing the sources of income. • Organise the administrative set-up of Punjab.

  5. Achievements of the Board of Administration • New innovations affected in the Administration Structure of Punjab. • Disband the Khalsa Army. • General Disarmament of the Sikhs. • Defense and Security of the people. • Re-shaping the financial System of Punjab. • Measures to boost Agriculture. • Works of Public Welfare. • Development of Education. • Judicial Reforms. • Prohibition of Female Infanticide.

  6. John Lawrence as the Chief Commisioner of Punjab John Lawrence was born on 4th March,1811 at Richmond in Yorkshire, England. He was educated at Bristol, London berry, Bath and Haley bury. In took up appointment under the East India Company and served from 1830-46 as a civil administrator, as Magistrate and as a Collector of Delhi. In 1864, he was appointed Commissioner of the newly annexed Jullundur Doab by Governor General Lord Harding. In 1849, he joined the Punjab Board of Administration as a member and after its dissolution in 1853, became the chief commissioner of the Punjab. The Board during its tenure of four years had accomplished much success in numerous field. It had framed many policies to carry on the development works in Punjab.

  7. He enjoyed vast and unlimited powers and he took keen interest in all the departments of administration by personally supervising them and bringing them to a successful pass. • Punjab rolled into a splendid set of administration. • Established personal rapport between the Government and the masses. • Introduced necessary reforms in the Police System. • Checked and crushed the evil of ‘Thugee’. • Efforts to solve the ever turbulent North-Western Frontier. • Land Revenue System and encouragement to Agriculture. • A change in policy towards the Jagirdars . • Reforms in education. • Judicial Reforms. • Works of Public Welfare. • Launched a campaign against Female Infanticide.

  8. 2. BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE ARMY, AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, TRADE AND COMMERECE

  9. Army of the English East India Company English East India Company came to India as a trading company, soon started recruiting the native Indians in their security force to safeguard their trade interests. As time rolled by Europeans as soldiers along with the Indians. The company made rapid strides as a trading company and became a strong political power, they started raising their own army on a large scale. The Indigenous army constituted an important pillar and backbone of the British regime in India. It was instrumental in making the British a supreme power in India in due course of time.

  10. Features of the British policy towards army The officers in the East India Company’s army were all British However, the bulk of the company’s sepoys consisted of Indian soldiers, who were subordinate to the lowest class of English officers These soldiers were recruited from different parts of India and were known as Native Indians. The British enlisted them in the army because of the following main reasons: • As compared to the English soldiers, the Indian soldiers low salaries. • The population of England was perhaps too small to provide the large soldiers needed for the conquest of India. So the recruitment of English soldiers for India could not be made in England. • The strength of the of British army in India was more than three lakhs, out of which more than two and a half lakhs were Indians

  11. Discontent in the army before the Revolt of 1857. The British policy after the Great Revolt of 1857. The British policy towards Sikhs soldiers. A change in the old policies. British policy towards industry in India Indian economy on the eve of British conquest. India had also developed her own banking system with shroffs and mahajans at the lower level and Zamindars at higher level. British policy of colonial exploitation: The 18th century. De-industrialization: The decline of Handicraft industry. .

  12. Rise of Modern Industry. British policy toward modern industry. Causes of the growth of Modern Indian Industry. • Charter Act of 1813. • Rebellion of 1857 A.D. • Change in the administrative set-up in 1858 A.D. • British government abolished import duties1879 A.D. • Famine commissions of 1880 and 1901 A.D. • In 1882 A.D. all import levies. • Railway for coal. • Indian national movement 1885 A.D. • Swadeshi movement of 1905 A.D. • The first world war (1914-18). • Many of the English capitalists evinced a great deal of interest in plantation, textile and mining industries. • English wanted to win over the Indians and secure their support in order to meet their own selfish ends.

  13. A brief review of the growth of Modern Industries • Cotton Textile Industry • Jute Industry • Coal Mining Industry • Iron and Steel Industry • Sugar Industry • Plantation Industries • Indigo Industry • Tea Industry • Coffee Plantation Industry The advent of First World War,1914-1918. Protection during Inter War Period(1918-39) Industrial Development, State Policy and Indian Capitalist Class(1939-47)

  14. Main flaws of Industrial Development • Indian craftsmen and artisans reduced to wage earners • Absence of capital • Imbalanced development or unfair distribution of industries • Priority was given to the need based industries • Monopoly of European capitalists over the industry • Lack or encouragement to the small scale industries • Policy of discrimination adopted by the Government • Export of raw material to England • Absence of Industrial facilities • Undeveloped means of transport and communication • Rise of two new classes • Slow pace of Industrial Progress

  15. Important Cottage Industries of Punjab upto 1947 • Handloom Industry • Hosiery Industry – The Pride of Punjab • Iron and Steel Industry • Cotton and Woolen Textile Industry • Brass and Copper Industry • Carving Industry • Mining Industry • Other Industry which were operating in Punjab Procedure adopted to sell the items of Cottage Industries Setting up the Industry Department

  16. Causes for the slow growth of the Industries in Punjab • Paucity o Industrial labor • Scarcity of coal and mineral products • Lack of sound finances and business techniques • Apathy of the Government • Old-dated tools and methods of production • Not keeping pace with the fast changing times • Lack of Technical Education • Absence of a separate Director of Industry till 1920 A.D.

  17. Causes of Backwardness of the Indian Agriculture • Indifferent attitude of the British Government towards the Peasants. • Excessive land revenue • Growth of landlordism • Lack of adequate funds • Fragmentation of holdings • Increasing indebtness • Means of irrigation • Old techniques of farming • Lack of marketing facilities • Exploitation of farmers • Absence of better means of transportations

  18. British policy towards the agriculture • New land tenures • Land settlement in conquered areas • Regulation VII of 1822 • Regulation IX of 1833 • Commercialization of agriculture • Canal irrigation • Lack of mechanization Impact of the British Policies towards Agriculture

  19. Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1901 • Miserable plight of the peasantry • Judicial Repots about the exploitation of the peasantry • Political necessity Provisions of the Punjab Land Alienation Act Impact of the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1901 • It failed to check the real problem of rural indebtedness • Unwillingness of money-lenders to advance loans • Inefficiency of this act • Obstacle in the way of rich classes willing to buy land • Emergence of a new class of agriculturist money-lenders • It created a wedge between the agriculturists and non-agriculturists • Growth of political consciousness • It sowed the seeds of racial separatism • The Act increased the hardships of the peasantry

  20. Development of Trade and Commerce in Punjab 1850-1947 A.D. Position of trade in Punjab under the English East India Company Colonial manipulation of Indian trade and commerce Position of trade and commerce after 1850 A.D. Factors which helped the trade and commerce to flourish Internal trade in Punjab Import and exports of Punjab External trade Conclusion.

  21. 3. SPREAD OF MODERN EDUCATION AT PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND HIGHER LEVELS

  22. History of western education in Punjab till 1947. During the medieval period, education was in a dismal state and hardly any attempt was made by a individual or king to educate the masses. This was because the state never considered itself responsible to educate the masses nor there was any department of education organized and maintained by the state. But this was his personal choice and liking and as such he was not bound to assist such institutions and individuals. One such magnificent and towering personality was Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, who inspite of this being illiterate, had great fascination and love for education. Under his personal care, education received full government support and steps were taken for spread of literacy. British found to their surprise that percentage of literacy was much higher in Punjab than in many other parts of the British Empire. However, education received a great setback due to the death of Maharaja Ranjitsingh

  23. Education in Punjab at the time of its annexation Three different types of indigenous schools which imparted education to the people. In the schools, managed by the Hindu institution and individuals, the medium of instruction was Hindi. These institutions laid emphasis on the teaching of Arithmetic and Sanskrit. Mohammedan schools taught the Holy Quran, Persian and Arabic. Sikhs institutions laid stress on AdiGranth and it was taught in Gurumukhi through Punjabi script.

  24. Problems faced by the British Government with regard to education Development of Modern Education Early efforts for the spread of Western Education The Charter Act of 1813 A.D. Sir Charles Wood’s Despatch of 1854 and the Re-organization of the education system Appointment of an Education Commission in 1882 or Hunter’s Commission, 1882 • As a result of recommendation, the indigenous Maktabs and Pathshalas were to receive grants in aid if they submitted to state inspection. • Local bodies recently created were entrusted with the care of primary education. • The schools had to be recognized and indigenous schools were to be encouraged.

  25. 4. High schools were handed over to the Municipalities in places where they had been set up. 5. A revision in the system of scholarships was recommended and these were to be open for all students. 6. Emphasis was laid on the moral and physical training of the students. 7. Periodic conferences of the education department and officers of the aided schools were to be held to further the cause of education. 8. The education commission drew attention to the inadequate facilities for female education outside the Presidency towns and made recommendation for its spread.

  26. Sargent Scheme (1944) or Post-war Education Sir john Sargant, educational adviser to the government of India, drew up a scheme of University. • Free and compulsory primary education for all children between the age of 6 and 14. The cost of the scheme was estimated at Rs.300 crores. • Intermediate stage should be included in high schools. • Degree course should be of three years. • Admission to colleges should be given to selected students who might benefit from higher education.

  27. 5. A university degree should not be considered as essential for the administrative services. 6. A national youth movement, to inculcate among the students the spirit of service to the country, be started. 7. A university grants commission should be constituted which should co-ordinate the work of the various institutions in the country.

  28. Liberal or Graded Education • Primary stage • Secondary stage • Higher level Establishment of the Punjab University The Indian Universities Act of 1904 • Ti enabled the universities to undertake teaching and research work and thus become real seats of learning. But this did not in any way encourage mass education. • Inspection of the colleges was introduced and the affiliation was made more difficult.

  29. 3. It also attempted to bring the universities under greater governmental control through largely nominated Senates. The educated indians resented this attempt of introducing official elements in the university. 4. It laid more stress on the teaching of science. This policy of Lord Curzon continued to be followed till 1947. 5. The act laid down that the number of pellows of a university shall not be less than fifty nor more than a hundred and a fellow would normally hold office for a period of six years instead for life.

  30. Other features of the Education System Basic education Training institutes in Punjab Position of Technical education in Punjab Women education Position of Muslim education in Punjab Contribution of Non-official Institutions Conclusion

  31. 4. THE FOUNDATION, PROGRAMME AND IMPACT OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS: ARYA SAMAJ, SINGH SABHA, ANJUMANS

  32. Swami DayandadSaraswati Swami Dayanand was born in 1824 A.D. in village of “Tankara” in Gujrat. His father ShriAmbaShanker and mother was Amrita Ben. Swami Dayanand ‘s childhood name was Mool Shankar. Early in his childhood he left his family and took up Sanyas. His moto was “Back to the Vedas”.His memorable granth called the “SatyarathPrakash” which he compiled in 1874. Swami Dayanand died at Ajmer in 1883 A.D.

  33. AryaSamaj Movement The AryaSamaj Movement was a great socio-religious movement which aimed at reconstructing the modern Hindu Society on the ideas Contained in the four vedas. It was founded by Swami Dayanan, who was one of the most socio-religious reformers in the history of India. Foundation of the Arya samaj1875 The greatest achievement of Swami Dayanand was the Foundation of the AryaSamaj in Bombay in 1875 A.D. Two year later its another branch was opened at Lahore in 1877 where it achieved a great success. Soon the branches of AryaSamaj were opened in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujrat and Maharashtra

  34. Teachings of AryaSamaj • Ten principles of AryaSamaj • God is primary sources of all true knowledge. • God is formless, omnipotent, just, kind, birthless, limitless, timeless, omnipresent, fearless and creator of the universes. • The veda is the source of all true knowledge. • Truth • Dharma • The welfare of the world. • Love and justice.

  35. 8. Knowledge of science. 9. Individualism and altruism. 10.Subordination of liberty. • Opposed idol worship • No belief in useless religious practice • Opposed the caste system • Equality to the women

  36. Programmes of the AryaSamaj • Social Programmes and Activities • Opposed to caste system and untouchability. • Opposed to child marriage, sati system, purdah system, dowry system. • It promoted quality between men and women. • Progress of depressed classes. • Simple ceremonies for marriage, birth and death. • Creation of a feeling of social service. • Opening of old age home, widow home and orphanages. • It advocated widow remarriage.

  37. Religious Programmes and Activities • AryaSamaj restored the lost glory of Vedas. • It took up the task of “Shuddhi” reconversion of non-hindus to hindus. • It advocates “Sandhya” (worship of god) every morning and evening. • Also the importance of “Swadhya” (self-study). • It recommended the ideal of service to mankind.

  38. Educational work of the AryaSamaj They prayed to God(O God, lead us unto light i.e. knowledge). • In 1886 A.D., a Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) School was founded at Lahore (Punjab). • In 1889 A.D the D.A.V. Colleges was started at Lahore itself. • Afterwards D.A.V. Schools and College were founded at places like Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kanpur, Amritsar, Lusdhiana, Batala, Moga, Nawanshahr, Patiala, Chandigarh etc. • In 1902 established GurukulMahavidyalaya at Haridwar by Swami Shradhanand.

  39. AryaSamaj and Policies • It was he who first of all, by raising the slogans “India for Indians” and “Swaraj” i.e. own government.” • He wrote in “SatyarthPrakash” that no foreign government, howsoever good, can be equal to self government. Singh Sabha Movement After the Nirankari and Namdhari movements of 19th century, the fresh century was about to witness the rise of a new movement called Singh Sabha. SardarHarbanssingh in The Heritage of Sikhs says that, “The Singh Sabha which followed them had a much deeper impact. It influenced the entire Sikh community and re-oriented its outlook and spirit. Since the days of the Gurus,

  40. nothing so vital had transpired to fertilize the consciousness of the Sikhs. The Singh Sabha by leavening the intellectual and cultural processes brought a new dimension to the inner life of the community and enlarged its heritage. Starting in the seventies of the last century, it marked a turning point in the Sikh history. It touched Sikhism to its very roots and made it a living force once again. The stimulus it provided has shaped the sikhs attitude and aspiration over the past one hundred years.”

  41. The rise of the Singh Sabha Movement • The emergence of the Namdhari Movement • Moral degradation and degeneration of the Sikhs • Efforts of the Christian Missionaries to propagate their faith in Punjab • Threat from the AryaSamaj • The two rival groups: Sanatam Sikhs and the Tat Khalsa • Immediate reasons

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