Rome

1. World History Chapter 7 Rome

2. Early Beginnings • Unknown how Rome started • Legend holds that Mars (the god of war) and Silvia (a priestess) had two children: • Remus & Romulus: brothers raised by a wolf mom • Romulus kills brother and becomes first king

3. Geography of Italy • Location makes it vulnerable to invasion • Made unity possible • No mountains allowed travel inland (no good ports) so they traded inland • Farmers raised veggies, olives, grapes • Had marshes in their few rivers – malaria-carrying mosquitoes

4. Early history • 1000 B.C. Latins entered the peninsula and settled on the Tiber River • Their villages formed Rome • Late 600’s B.C. Etruscans captured Latium Plains including Rome • Mixture of people became known as Romans

5. Etruscans • Etruscans had influence in Roman culture • Had written language using Greek alphabet for letters • Made fine clothing, jewelry, metal pottery • Had paved roads, drained marshes, built sewers • Greeks also settled in Rome to influence culture

6. Rome’s location • Many city-states in Italy but Rome had advantages: • On Tiber River (easy navigation) • 15 miles inland (away from invaders) • Inland trade hub • SEE VIDEO called Rome (3 Mins)

7. Roman Government • 509 B.C. Rome sets up a republic (where voters elect their own leaders) • At first, only adult males could vote • Centum = One hundred • Assemblies could declare war; they elected 3 kinds of magistrates (public officials) that oversaw daily affairs of the gov’t

8. Roman Government Part Two • 3 types of magistrates: • Consuls – elected for one year terms that were army commanders who ran the gov’t • Each could veto (or refuse to approve) acts of the others • Became known as a check and balance system to prevent one part from being too strong • Praetors – military commanders and judges • Censors – tax collectors

9. Roman Government Part Three • Assembly of Tribes – citizens grouped into 35 tribes that elected 10 officials called tribunes • Tribunes could veto senate bills and actions of public officials • The senate included 300 men – they controlled public funds, foreign policy, acted as a court • In emergency could name a dictator

10. Roman Government – Part Four • Patricians – powerful aristocrats that gained control of the gov’t • Plebeians – all other citizens (discriminated against); they couldn’t hold office • Plebeians lead strikes and gained rights (laws were written down) and gained power • Wealthy nobles – only ones who could afford to run for office; voted on officials and laws; dominated Republic

11. Roman Expansion • All adult males served in the army • Legionaries – excellently trained soldiers • When Romans conquered: • They allowed citizenship of its conquered • Used treatise and agreements • No slaves were taken • They spread Latin language, law, and culture

12. Roman Family • Top values: religion, morals, education, family • Large families • Pater familias– fathers in the family that had absolute authority and taught religion • Greek gods became Roman gods • Family religion became state religion (built temples and ceremonies)

13. Punic Wars • Rome vs. Carthage (264-146 B.C.) • 118 year long war • Reasons for war: envy, jealousy, and fear of each other • Carthage lost and were forced to pay indemnities (money for the damages it caused) • This pissed off Carthage and they wanted revenge so…

14. The 2nd Punic War • Began in 218 B.C. • Hannibal (Carthaginian military leader) put together a crazy big army (50 war elephants) but lost a lot of them due to the snow and cold • Even so, he beat the Roman army for 15 years but could not capture Roman cities (due to walls) • Rome then decided to attack Carthage in Africa and Hannibal returned to be defeated by a Roman general named Scipio • Carthage had to pay for stuff again and never again was a threat but…

15. The 3rd Punic War • Senate declared war on Carthage again just because • Many Roman veterans hated Carthage • Carthage was destroyed and salt poured over the land • Modern things we learned from the Punic Wars: • Make countries pay that lose • Use bad excuses to declare war • Listen to emotion rather than brain

16. Problems with Roman Expansion • Nobles got too powerful • All people that got conquered weren’t given citizenship but were taxed heavily • Tax collectors (proconsul) kept a lot of the money they collected • The Publicans (people that worked for the censors) kept money also

17. Changes in Agriculture • Latifundia – large Roman estates that were rented out by the gov’t • Rome depended on provinces for grain • Only the wealthy owned farms – became very expensive

18. Changes in Commerce • Trade increased within the Roman Empire • Equites – a trader class of Roman business people who had great wealth but very little political power

19. Social Change • Poor farmers in the city meant people began to judge others on how much money they made • Slaves led miserable lives and often revolted • Death by crucifixion

20. From a Republic to an Empire • 2 brothers: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to reform Roman gov’t • One was beaten to death; the other imprisoned for using public funds to buy grain for the poor • Turning point: when law and order turned into violence

21. Continued… • Gaius Marius gained popularity for defeating German invaders and giving his soldiers money and loot in return • Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Marius were enemies in a civil war in which Sulla won and executed thousands of citizens in 82 B.C. • Sulla ruled until 79 B.C.

22. The 1st Triumvirate & Rise of Caesar • The nephew of Marius (Julius Caesar) gained popularity and made Sulla retire • Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus then joined forces to form the First Triumvirate in 60 B.C. • Caesar made himself Proconsul of Gaul (France) • Pompey became jealous and Caesar attacked Rome and crossed at the Rubicon River

23. Caesar continued… • Pompey fled and Caesar secured Italy, Spain, and Egypt • He put Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt to be a Roman ally • Senate appointed Caesar dictator for life • Granted citizenship, gave land to vets, reduced size of Senate • Cassius and Brutus stabbed Caesar to death in the Senate

24. The 2ndTriumvirate • Octavian (grand nephew of Julius Caesar), Marc Antony (friend of Caesar and a general) and Lepidus (2nd in command) formed the 2nd Triumvirate • Together they beat the armies of Cassius and Brutus • Lepidus retired; Octavian took the west; Antony took the east with Cleopatra • They eventually fought over total control and Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide rather than be taken prisoner

25. Augustus Caesar • After the war, the Senate declared Octavian as Augustus (means “sacred”) • Became first Roman Emperor • The emperors that followed became known as the Julian Emperors

26. Julian Emperors • Tiberius – good ruler • Caligula – brutal; insane • Claudius – good; intelligent; wife killed him • Nero – cruel; idiot; committed suicide • Nerva – good emperor • Trajan – conquered more territory • Hadrian – promoted art • Antonius Pius – nothing • Marcus Aurelius – well educated; fought off invaders from the north and east

27. PaxRomana • PaxRomana– (means “Roman peace”) the time beginning with Augustus and ending with Marcus Aurelius • During this time: • Gov’t ruled 100 million people • Law and order was maintained • Emporer made all decisions & appointed officials

28. PaxRomana continued… 4. Constructed new cities in Spain and Gaul 5. Built public baths and aqueducts (bridge-like structures that carried water from the mountains) • Paved streets and built sewer systems • Code of 12 tables (law books) was created

29. Early Christianity • Jesus of Nazareth (born in Bethlehem and grew up in Nazareth) claimed to be the Son of God • Romans feared he would cause a Jewish uprising • The local governor (Pontius Pilate) reluctantly ordered his crucifixion (even though he feared a Jewish uprising from his death) in the city of Jerusalem

30. Christianity Spread • Many of Jesus’ teachings are found in the gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John • After Jesus’ death, Saul (aka Paul) helped spread the word of Christianity • Roman emperors required that THEY be worshipped, not a god; Christianity became outlawed • Jews resisted, refused, some revolted and died and became martyrs (a person put to death for a belief)

31. Christianity Spread Further • In 200 A.D., a civil war broke out and many converted • There were too many followers so Christianity became un-outlawed • Constantine – the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity • Theodosius – his successor that banned Pagan worship • Bishops of Rome, Alexandria became known as patriarchs • Over time the patriarchs became known as the Pope

32. Beginning of the end… • Marcus Aurelius did not pick a great successor • He appointed his spoiled son named Commodus • Commodus was harsh to farmers and city workers • Diocletian and Constantine helped to slow the fall by reorganizing and appointing a co-emperor named Maximian • That led to a civil war

33. Fall of Rome continued… • Constantine became emperor in 306 A.D. until 324 A.D. • Created a new capital called Byzantium • Corruption in the gov’t followed his death • Invaders Visigoths & Ostrogoths (from Germany) were constant

34. Final Straws • Visigoths finally conquered Rome in 410 A.D. • Vandals attacked everything in the western reaches • Attila the Hun attacked Gaul which was the final straw in breaking the empire up • The invaders couldn’t rule an empire which led to anarchy • Vandals, Visigoths, Huns, and Ostrogoths destroyed schools, churches, stopped trade, & laws were abandoned • Poor leadership, political weakness, economic decline, and social decay led to the end

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