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CH4 Fundamentals of Biology All living things; grow, metabolize, homeostasis, respond, reproduce, and have cellular organization. Ingredients of Life Organic compounds; carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen Organic compounds; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Fig. 4.4.
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CH4 Fundamentals of Biology • All living things; grow, metabolize, homeostasis, respond, reproduce, and have cellular organization.
Ingredients of Life • Organic compounds; carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen • Organic compounds; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Fig. 4.4 • Fuel of Life • ATP • Photosynthesis
Fig. 4.5 • Respiration breaks down glucose; uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.
Cells and Organelles • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotic; no nucleus, and lack most organelles. • Eukaryotes; have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, DNA in chromosomes
Tab. 4.1 Levels of Organization
Challenges of Life in the Sea • Habitat; food, water, shelter, and space • Plankton are organisms that drift in the water • Benthic organisms live on the bottom • Nekton organisms are strong swimmers
Salinity • Total amount of salt in dissolved water. • For Review: • Diffusion ; movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Marine organisms maintain the proper balance of water and salts • Osmoconformers • Osmoregulators
Osmoregulators • Marine organisms tend to lose water due to osmosis; • drink seawater to replace water lost • produce little urine (concentrated) • excrete salts through gills
Fig. 4.16 • Temperature • Temperature plays a major role in determining where different organisms are found in the ocean.
Organisms are often categorized according to how their metabolism affects their body temperature. • Ectotherms, cold-blooded or poikilotherms • Endotherms, warm – blooded or homeotherms
Perpetuating Life • Heredity • Asexual Reproduction, single individual can reproduce itself and produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. • For Review; • Mitosis, produces two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell. • Meiosis, daughter cells have half the normal number of chromosomes, gametes Sexual Reproduction
Fig. 4.21 Diversity of Life in the Sea
Diversity of Life in the Sea • Natural Selection occurs when some members of a population survive and reproduce more successfully than others. • Evolution is the genetic change in the population that results because individuals pass their characteristics on to their young.
Classifying Living Things • A species is a population of organisms that share common characteristics, can breed, and are reproductively isolated from other populations • binomial nomenclature • Genus species