Mobilizing for War: Sacrifices and Contributions in WWII

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:Mobilizing for War Section 2:The Early Battles Section 3:Life on the Home Front Section 4:Pushing Back the Axis Section 5: The War Ends Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. What Kinds of Sacrifices Does War Require? • During World War II, millions of Americans enlisted in the armed forces, risking their lives in the struggle. On the home front, Americans also helped the war effort by giving up goods needed by the military and buying war bonds. • Why do you think so many Americans volunteered to fight in World War II? • Should civilians have to make sacrifices in wartime? Chapter Intro

4. Chapter Timeline

5. Chapter Timeline

6. Mobilizing for War How could the United States increase its productivity in a short period of time? Chapter Intro 1

7. The Early Battles What unique decisions did the United States face as a result of fighting a war on two fronts? Chapter Intro 2

8. Life on the Home Front How do you think populations in the United States, such as women, African Americans, and Japanese Americans, responded to the war? Chapter Intro 3

9. Pushing Back the Axis Why were Americans still willing to fight a war with so many American casualties? Chapter Intro 4

10. The War Ends Why do you think America used nuclear weapons against Japan? Chapter Intro 5

11. Chapter Preview-End

12. Big Ideas Economics and SocietyAmericans quickly converted to a wartime economy to support the war effort. Section 1-Main Idea

13. Content Vocabulary • cost-plus • disenfranchised Academic Vocabulary • vehicle • draft Section 1-Key Terms

14. People and Events to Identify • War Production Board • Office of War Mobilization • “Double V” campaign • Tuskegee Airmen • Oveta Culp Hobby • Women’s Army Corps Section 1-Key Terms

15. A B Do you agree that women in the military should receive the same tasks as men? A. Agree B. Disagree Section 1-Polling Question

16. Converting the Economy The Unites States quickly mobilized the economy to fight the war. Section 1

17. Converting the Economy (cont.) • The industrial output of the United States during the war astounded the rest of the world. • In less than four years, the U.S. and its allies achieved what no other group of nations had ever done—they fought and won a two-front war against two powerful military empires, forcing each to surrender. The Arsenal of Democracy Section 1

18. Converting the Economy (cont.) • The U.S. rapidly increased its war production after the attack on Pearl Harbor. • Roosevelt believed that government and business had to work together to prepare for war. • He created the National Defense Advisory Committee to help mobilize the economy and asked several business leaders to serve on the committee. The Arsenal of Democracy Section 1

19. Converting the Economy (cont.) • Instead of asking for bids, the government signed cost-plus contracts. • Cost-plus convinced many companies to convert to war production. Section 1

20. A B C D Why was Churchill unconcerned about fighting a two-ocean war? A.He knew victory depended on a nation’s industrial power. B.He had a secret stockpile of weapons and planes. C.He had complete trust in FDR. D.He didn’t believe that Japan would pose a threat. Section 1

21. American Industry Gets the Job Done Factories built tanks, airplanes, trucks, and jeeps for military use, as well as safer ships. Section 1

22. American Industry Gets the Job Done(cont.) • The automobile industry was uniquely suited to the mass production of military equipment. • Henry Kaiser reduced the time to build a Liberty ship from 244 days to 41 days. • He built 30 percent of all American ships during the war. Section 1

23. American Industry Gets the Job Done(cont.) • As American companies converted to war production, many business leaders became frustrated with the mobilization process. • FDR tried to improve the system by creating the War Production Board (WPB). • The WPB clashed with the military, so Roosevelt established the Office of War Mobilization (OWM) to settle arguments. Section 1

24. A B C D What major change did Henry Kaiser make to his ships? A.Rivets B.Welding C.Bigger engines D.Thicker metal Section 1

25. Building an Army Minorities and women played an important role in the United States armed forces during World War II. Section 1

26. Building an Army (cont.) • Within days of Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939, President Roosevelt expanded the army to 227,000 soldiers. • Two members of Congress introduced the Selective Service and Training Act, a plan for the first peacetime draft in American history. • More than 60,000 men enlisted in the month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, overwhelming the army’s training facilities. Creating an American Army Section 1

27. Building an Army (cont.) • At the start of the war, the U.S. military was segregated. • Some African Americans did not want to support the war, being disenfranchisedand bitter over their treatment. • The Pittsburgh Courier launched the “Double V” campaign—urging African Americans to fight against Hitler’s racism and the racism at home. Creating an American Army Section 1

28. Building an Army (cont.) • Under pressure from African American leaders, Roosevelt ordered the armed forces to recruit African Americans, and he told the army to put them into combat. • He also promoted Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., the highest-ranking African American officer, to the rank of brigadier general. Section 1

29. Building an Army (cont.) • In early 1941, the air force created its first African American unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron. • They became known as the Tuskegee Airmenand fought bravely in battle. • The military did not end all segregation during the war, but it did integrate military bases in 1943 and steadily expanded the role of African Americans within the armed forces. Section 1

30. Building an Army (cont.) • Second-generation Japanese Americans were eventually allowed to fight in the war. • Many Mexican Americans served on the front lines. • Native Americans were assigned to combat positions since many people viewed them as fierce warriors. Section 1

31. Building an Army (cont.) • The army enlisted women for the first time, although they were barred from combat. • Congress first allowed women in the military in May 1942, when it established the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and appointed Oveta Culp Hobby to serve as its first director. Section 1

32. Building an Army (cont.) • A little over a year later, the army replaced the WAAC with the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) since many women complained about not being a part of the regular army. • The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) began delivering planes in 1943. • The Coast Guard, the navy, and the marines quickly followed the army and set up their own women’s units. Section 1

33. A B C D Which minority served in the units that became the most decorated in the history of the United States military? A.African Americans B.Japanese Americans C.Women D.Mexican Americans Section 1

34. Section 1-End

35. Big Ideas Individual ActionSeveral key people made decisions that changed the course of the war. Section 2-Main Idea

36. Content Vocabulary • periphery • convoy system Academic Vocabulary • code • target Section 2-Key Terms

37. People and Events to Identify • Chester Nimitz • Douglas MacArthur • Bataan Death March • Corregidor • James Doolittle Section 2-Key Terms

38. A B Have you ever succeeded in a situation that you thought would end in failure? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

39. Holding the Line Against Japan The Japanese continued to win victories in the Pacific until the Battle of Midway. Section 2

40. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • Admiral Chester Nimitz, the commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific, began planning operations against the Japanese Navy. • A few hours after bombing Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked American airfields in the Philippines. • Two days later, they landed troops, and General Douglas MacArthur retreated to the Bataan Peninsula. Section 2

41. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • On April 9, 1942, the weary defenders of the Bataan Peninsula finally surrendered. • Nearly 78,000 prisoners of war were forced to march 68 miles to a Japanese prison camp. • During this Bataan Death March, almost ten thousand troops died. The Bataan Death March, April 1942 Section 2

42. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • Although the troops surrendered, a small force held out on the island of Corregidor in Manila Bay. • Finally, in May 1942, Corregidor surrendered. • President Roosevelt was searching for a way to raise the morale of the American people. • He put Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittlein command of the mission to bomb Tokyo. The Bataan Death March, April 1942 Section 2

43. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • On April 18, American bombs fell on Japan for the first time. • After the attack on Tokyo, the Japanese decided to attack New Guinea and Midway Island. • However, America had a team of code breakers that had already broken the Japanese navy’s secret code for the attacks. The Battle of Midway, 1942 Section 2

44. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • Admiral Nimitz sent two aircraft carriers that successfully intercepted the Japanese in the Coral Sea and stopped the raid on New Guinea. • Nimitz also intercepted the raid on Midway, destroying 38 planes and sinking four large Japanese carriers—the heart of its fleet. The Battle of Midway, 1942 Section 2

45. A B C D Which event was a turning point in the war with the Japanese? A.The bombing of Tokyo B.The battle in the Coral Sea C.The Battle of Midway D.The loss of the Philippines Section 2

46. Stopping the Germans The Allies defeated Germany in Africa and in the Battle of the Atlantic. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad was a turning point of the war. Section 2

47. Stopping the Germans (cont.) • Although Stalin urged Roosevelt to attack Germany from the west, Churchill wanted to attack the periphery of the German empire. • Roosevelt agreed with Churchill, and in July 1942, he ordered the invasion of Morocco and Algeria. Section 2

48. Stopping the Germans (cont.) • Roosevelt decided to invade Morocco and Algeria for two reasons: • The invasion would give the army some experience without requiring a lot of troops. • Once American troops were in North Africa, they would be able to help the British troops fight the Germans in Egypt. Section 2

49. Stopping the Germans (cont.) • Although the British forced General Erwin Rommel to retreat in November 1942, German forces remained a serious threat. • When the American troops advanced into the mountains of western Tunisia, they did not do well as they fought the Germans for the first time. • General Dwight D. Eisenhower fired the general who led the attack and put General George Patton in command. Section 2

50. Stopping the Germans (cont.) • Together, the American and British forces pushed the Germans back and forced them to surrender. • By August 1942, German submarines had sunk about 360 American ships along the East Coast of North Africa. • The loss of so many ships convinced the U.S. Navy to set up a convoy system, which did improve the situation. Section 2