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SO4029 Sociology of the City

SO4029 Sociology of the City. Urban Disorder, Crime, Deviance and Social Control. ‘The Dangerous Classes’. Deviance and Crime in the Urbanising City: Segregation Religion, Temperance & ‘Rational Recreation’ (Bailey, 1978). Crime & Urban Theory. Individual Deviance/ Immorality

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SO4029 Sociology of the City

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  1. SO4029Sociology of the City Urban Disorder, Crime, Deviance and Social Control

  2. ‘The Dangerous Classes’ • Deviance and Crime in the Urbanising City: • Segregation • Religion, Temperance & ‘Rational Recreation’ (Bailey, 1978)

  3. Crime & Urban Theory • Individual Deviance/ Immorality • Anomie (Durkheim) • Alienation (Marx) • Social Disorganisation (Wirth,1938 also Shaw & McKay, 1942) • Compositional Factors (Gans,1968) • Subcultures (Fischer, 1975) • Culture of Poverty & Underclass Norms (Lewis, 1966)

  4. Crime & Urban Theory • Uneven Development and Scale (Engels, 1887; Lefebvre, 1991) • Disadvantage (Wilson, 1987) • ‘Racial Disparity’, (Hyper) Segregation, Isolation (Massey & Denton, 1993) • Media & Difference (Chambers, 1986)

  5. Strain Theory • Strain Theory (Merton, 1938): revision of Durkheim’s ‘anomie’ – not simply due to rapid social change, but ‘strain’ generated by disjuncture between common societal goals and differential structurally defined means of achieving them • Structural & Individual Strain • Merton & Social Adaptation • 1) Conformity – majority, reasonable attainment of goals • 2) Innovation - Crime - achieve goals by deviant means • 3) Ritualism – lowered goals rigidly adhered to • 4) Retreatism – outcasts, drug addicts, pariahs • 5) Rebellion – revolutionary or cultish groups

  6. Strain ‘Theories’: Revisions of Merton’s Model • Status Frustration (Cohen,1955) • Differential Opportunity (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960) • Emotional Strain (Agnew, 1992) • ‘American Dream’ (Messner & Rosenfeld, 1994)

  7. Opportunity & Insecurity • Roots of urban social distress and conflict • ‘Social inequality of capitalism and the social disorganisation of modernity are symbiotic’ (Savage et. 2003 p. 201) • ‘Many so-called urban problems arise precisely because of the simultaneity of opportunity and insecurity’ (Savage et al, 2003 p. 203)

  8. Forms of Urban Crime & Deviance • Deviant Lifestyles? • The Informal Economy • White Collar Crime • Illegal/ ‘Prohibited’ Drugs • Organised Crime • Violent Crime & Public Disorder

  9. Civil Disorder & Riot – Collective Strain? • George Square 1919 • Ethnic Divisions • US, Los Angeles Riots • UK, Brixton, Broadwater Farm, Bradford, Birmingham

  10. The New ‘Dangerous’ Classes? • ‘Chavs’ • Uncivilised Teens • Asbo’s • ‘Moral Panic’ • UK teens ‘Worst in Europe’ – IPPR 2006

  11. Social Control, Law & Order • Policing – An Urban Development -1742 ‘Bow Street Runners’ • Police Forces cc mid 18th C. - Present • Penal Society? • US: 726 people per 100,000 • UK: 142 • China: 118 • France: 91 • Japan: 58 • Nigeria: 31 • (Source: Justice Policy Institute, 2005)

  12. Social Control & Surveillance Society • Mass media and ‘Governmentality’ • Anonymity of the city compromised by electronic technology? • The Surveillance Society (Lyon, 2001) • ‘A Report on the Surveillance Society’ (Surveillance Studies Network, 2006)

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