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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Design. Not for Homeostasis; Instead to Perpetuate the Species Sexual Reproduction Results in Genetic Variability Internal Fertilization & Gestation One Offspring per Pregnancy is Typical . REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Functions.

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  2. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Design • Not for Homeostasis; Instead to Perpetuate the Species • Sexual Reproduction Results in Genetic Variability • Internal Fertilization & Gestation • One Offspring per Pregnancy is Typical

  3. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Functions • Production & Support of Gametes • Formation, Transport & Delivery of Sperm • Formation & Transport of Ova • Protect & Support Developing Embryo, and Nourish Fetus • Deliver the Fetus

  4. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Overview of Anatomy • Reproductive Organs • Associated Ducts • Accessory Glands • External Genitalia

  5. MALE ANATOMY: TESTES • From the Greek for “witness” (e.g., testify) • Essential organs of reproduction in the male (Male Gonad) • Site of sperm production • Suspended in scrotum by spermatic cord • Oval, ~4.5 cm long, 10.5 - 14 gms

  6. MALE ANATOMY: SCROTUM • Pouch of skin and fascia evaginated from anterior abdominal wall • Subdivided into two lateral compartments, indicated by Raphe (Ridge) • Houses testes, keeps them cool (93F) • Cremaster muscle brings testes closer to body • Dartos muscle causes wrinkling

  7. MALE ANATOMY: TESTES • Develop initially in abdominal cavity (retroperitoneally) • Descend into scrotum • Begins in 7th month of gestation • Pass through inguinal canal • Should be in scrotum by birth Continued ...

  8. MALE ANATOMY: TESTES CONTINUED • Seminiferous tubules: Sites of sperm production • Interstitial Cells: Secrete Testosterone • Efferent ductules: Carry sperm from testes • Epididymis: • Store sperm • Site of sperm maturation (2 weeks) Continued ...

  9. MALE ANATOMY: SPERMATIC CORD • Contains structures passing to and from testes • Coverings derived from abdominal wall • Contents include: • Vas deferens • Spermatic artery and vein • Spermatic nerve • Lymph vessel

  10. MALE ANATOMY: VAS (DUCTUS) DEFERENS • Carries sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicle • Passes through inguinal canal into body cavity • Crosses surface of urinary bladder • Joins with duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct • Vasectomy

  11. MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS: SEMINAL VESICLES • Paired structures posterior to urinary bladder • Secrete ~60% of seminal fluid • Fluid is sugary, alkaline • Rich in carbohydrates, Vitamin C • Nourishes sperm • Enhances motility

  12. MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS : PROSTATE GLAND • Located inferior to urinary bladder, anterior to rectum • Surrounds prostatic urethra • Secretes ~25% of seminal fluid • Enzymes to Liquify Semen

  13. MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS : BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS • Also called Cowper’s glands • Lateral to membranous urethra • Secrete a drop of alkaline mucus • Cleans, lubricates urethra • Neutralizes acidic urine • Does not contribute towards semen

  14. MALE ANATOMY: PENIS • Male copulatory organ • Functions to introduce sperm into female • Consists of three erectile bodies • Two corpora cavernosa • One corpus spongiosum

  15. MALE ANATOMY: PENIS • Corpus spongiosum • Surrounds penile (spongy) urethra • Forms 1/3 of shaft • Distal end forms glans penis;Urethral orifice opens through glans • Proximal end forms bulb of penis Continued ...

  16. MALE ANATOMY: PENIS CONTINUED • Corpora cavernosa • Paired, lie laterally • Form 2/3 of shaft • Prepuce (foreskin): • Covers glans penis • Removed by circumcision

  17. MALE PHYSIOLOGY: SPERMATOGENESIS • Occurs in seminiferous tubules • Spermatogonia divide mitotically • One Spermatocyte eventually gives rise to Four Sperm via meiosis • Y Sperm are Smaller, Faster, Prefer Alkaline Environment • X Sperm are Larger, Stronger, Prefer Acidic Environment

  18. MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE • Erection • Arteries dilate, increasing blood in spongy tissue • Constricts veins, causes erection • Ejaculation (expulsion) • Semen passes through urethra • Contractions of urethra & penile musculature

  19. MALE HORMONAL CONTROLS • Gonadotropic Hormones • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (stimulates sperm production) • Luteinizing Hormone or ICSH (stimulates testes to secrete testosterone) • Testosterone (Male Sex Hormone) • Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

  20. FEMALE ANATOMY: OVARY • Female Gonad • All ova arrested at prophase I at birth • Approximately 400,000 total • Only about 400 ever reach maturity • Paired, oval, almond sized • Supported by ligaments

  21. FEMALE ANATOMY: UTERINE (Fallopian) TUBES • Site of Fertilization • Paired, ~10 cm long • Attach to uterus, one on each side • Intramural Portion: Within uterus • Isthmus: Narrow portion adjacent to uterus • Ampulla: Long, wide portion • Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped end with branches, fimbriae, that drape over ovary • Transport via Cilia & Peristalsis

  22. FEMALE ANATOMY: UTERUS • Usually unpaired; hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ • Receives uterine tubes, empties into vagina • Site of Implantation & Development • Supported by ligaments: • Broad ligament: Double layer of peritoneum • Round ligament: Passes through inguinal canal

  23. FEMALE ANATOMY: UTERUS continued • Uterine wall has three layers • Perimetrium (broad ligament): Peritoneum • Myometrium: Thick layer of smooth muscle • Endometrium: • Epithelial layer • Undergoes cyclic changes in response to hormones • Endometriosis

  24. FEMALE ANATOMY: UTERUS • Fundus: Arches above entry of uterine tubes • Body: Large triangular lumen • Isthmus: Narrowed region • Cervix: • Most inferior portion • Extends down into vagina

  25. FEMALE ANATOMY: VAGINA • Functions: • Receives penis during intercourse • Passage for removal of menstrual debris • Serves as a birth canal • Located between urethra and rectum • Lined with stratified squamous E.T. • Acidic environment (Resident Bacteria)

  26. FEMALE ANATOMY: VAGINA continued • Fornix: Circular recess around cervix; upper portion of vagina • Hymen: • Fold of mucous membrane • Does NOT signify virginity! • Bartholin’s glands: • Distal End Vagina • Homologous to Cowper’s glands • Very little secretion (mucus)

  27. FEMALE ANATOMY: VULVA (External Genitalia) • Mons pubis: Fatty mound • Labia majora: Outer Folds of skin, Homologous to scrotum • Labia minora: Inner folds, Encircle clitoris, forming prepuce • Clitoris: Homologous to penis, corpora cavernosa

  28. FEMALE ANATOMY: CLITORIS • Foreskin or Prepuce • Function – Sexual Pleasure • Orgasm controlled by Sympathetic Division of ANS

  29. FEMALE ANATOMY: BREASTS • Structurally – Integument • Functionally – Reproductive • Colostrum • Breast Milk

  30. HORMONAL CONTROL: ADULT FEMALE • Four hormones involved: • FSH and LH (from pituitary) • Target ovaries • Follicles w/ova grow & mature • Ovaries secrete: • Estrogen and progesterone (from ovaries) • Target uterus • Endometrium thickens & secretes

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