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Immune System

Immune System. WBC attacking cancer cell. lymph system. Vocabulary of Immunity. Disease Any condition that disrupts the homeostasis of an organism. Pathogen Foreign organisms that cause disease. (microorganisms). What causes disease?. 1. Pathogens 2. Toxins in the environment

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Immune System

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  1. Immune System WBC attacking cancer cell lymph system

  2. Vocabulary of Immunity Disease • Any condition that disrupts the homeostasis of an organism. Pathogen • Foreign organisms that cause disease. (microorganisms)

  3. What causes disease? 1. Pathogens 2. Toxins in the environment 3. Inheritance… Gee thanks, mom!

  4. HOW ARE DISEASES SPREAD? • Coughing • Sneezing • Physical Contact (Saliva, Blood, Bodily Fluids, Skin Contact) • Contaminated Food or Water • Infected Animals (Vectors)

  5. The Immune System To protect and defend the body against pathogens

  6. How does the Immune System Work? 2 ways: 1. Nonspecific defenses- Tries to keep everything OUT! • Skin, mucus, cilia, tears, stomach acid, saliva, sweat 2. Specific Defenses- Fights off infection once the pathogen gets inside the body. • White Blood Cells (WBC’s)

  7. Inflammation If the pathogen gets inside anyway, there are things your body usually does to try to slow the invader down… 1. Increased Body Fever: Denatures pathogen’s proteins 2. Expanding blood vessels: (red and warm) Increased blood flow to area = More RBC’s & clotting factors for repair = More WBC’s to fight bacteria (pus)

  8. The body recognizes invaders! disease-causingbacteria one of yourown cells disease-causingvirus antigens say:“I am an invader” antigens say:“I belong here” antigens say:“I am an invader” Antigen • chemical name tags on the surface of every cell = Protein

  9. White Blood CellsAKA: leukocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages Some kill pathogens Some produce antibodies

  10. B cells • Patrolling B cells • make antibodies against invader immediately • Memory B cells • remembers invader • can make antibodies quickly the next time!

  11. Antibodies- proteins that either kill invaders or mark them for killing Antibodies are SHAPE SPECIFIC to pathogens!

  12. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Patrolling B cells Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Make & release antibodies Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Memory B cells Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B cells B cells immune response invader(foreign antigen) recognition Antibody “fits” with antigen Antibodies already in blood

  13. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Antibodies: invading germs tagged with antibodies B cells releasing antibodies Y macrophageeating tagged invaders The antibody tag says “this is an invader” quick…eat him!

  14. T Cells Helper T Cells: Notifies other WBC’s of invasion! Killer T Cells: Hunts down pathogens & destroys them!

  15. Vaccinations 1. Exposure to harmless version of a pathogen “dead”, weakened

  16. Vaccinations 2. Immune response produces antibodies to mark and destroy the invading pathogen! Antibodies = Shape Specific!! 3. Antibody production guarantees a rapid immune response if there is future exposure to the SAME pathogen! • Most successful against viral diseases • Ex: flu, chicken pox, HPV, MMR, swine flu, whooping cough, polio, small pox

  17. Immunity • Immunity = the condition your body has when it already knows how to make the antibodies for a specific disease. • If you get sick with an illness and fight it off, you can’t get the same illness again • Pathogen is recognized! Helper T cells signal the immune system to respond! B cells make antibodies. Killer T cells start killing!

  18. Types of Immunity Active Immunity Occurs when a organism is: 1. infected with a disease or 2. gets a vaccine The organism makes it ownantibodies specific to antigen This type of immunity last a life time (stimulates B cells to make antibodies if re-exposed)

  19. Types of Immunity Passive Immunity • Antibodies made by another organism (not you!) • Only last a short time (~1 month, your body will eventually destroy the borrowed antibodies) • Ex: Babies will receive antibodies from their mother when they breastfeed. • Ex: Travelers to foreign countries can get antibodies (injected) against tropical diseases.

  20. Curing You of Disease Antibiotics = medicine Ex: Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline. Advantage • kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you, without harming your cells Disadvantages • use only after sick • only good against bacteria • possible development of resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly) – ALWAYS TAKE THE ENTIRE Rx • can get sick again by the same pathogen

  21. Disruption of Homeostasis… Auto-Immune Diseases Immune system attacks body cells • lupus • antibodies attack many different body cells • rheumatoid arthritis • antibodies cause damage to cartilage & bone • diabetes • insulin-making cells of pancreas are attacked & destroyed • multiple sclerosis • T cells attack myelin sheath of brain & spinal cord nerves • fatal

  22. When things go wrong… Allergies The response of the immune system to harmless environmental substances. (It thinks they are pathogens!) • Histaminesare the chemicals released to cause the inflammatory response • Ex: Pollen can cause a fever, runny nose, and sneezing • Some allergies can trigger a severe reaction, called anaphylactic shock • This can cause choking due to a constricted airway

  23. Allergens

  24. Organ Transplants People who are LIVING can donate a Kidney or a PART of THE: Lung, Liver, Intestine, Pancreas Tissues that can be donated are: Cornea (coating of the eyeball), Middle ear, Skin, Heart valves, Bone, Veins, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments Organs of the body that can transplanted after death: Kidneys, Heart, Liver, Pancreas, Intestines, Lungs, Skin, Bone marrow, Cornea

  25. Organ Transplants When a person receives someone else's organ, the organ has foreign antigens on it. The recipient’s white blood cells will recognize the organ as foreign, think it is a pathogen, and attack it. (Killer T!) So, the recipient has to take immunosuppressant drugs

  26. Organ Transplants

  27. Disease of the Immune System HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infects helper T cells • Helper T cells can’t activate rest of immune system • The body doesn’t hear the alarm AIDS:Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome • T cell count very low (200 cells/mm3 instead of the normal 500-1000) • infections by other (normal) pathogens can cause death

  28. HIV AIDS

  29. HIV/AIDSSymptoms AIDS: fatigue diarrhea nausea vomiting fever chills night sweats Death from opportunistic Infections

  30. HIV/AIDS Over 33.4 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide

  31. Transmission of HIV Healthy skin is an excellent barrier against HIV and other viruses and bacteria. HIV cannot enter the body through unbroken skin.

  32. Transmission of HIV

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