The Greek City-States c.2000 B.C.- 404 B.C.

1. The Greek City-Statesc.2000 B.C.- 404 B.C.

2. Sea and Land • Geography of Greece • Short mountain ranges cut up the mainland • Mountains kept villages apart and allowed invaders from the North • Rivers are short • No large kingdoms led to formation of city-states

3. Early Greek Peoples • Minoans • Earliest Greek civilization • Palace and Homes of nobles had running water • Artists covered walls with frescoes • Minoans were sailors/traders Crete King Minos

4. Early Greek Peoples • The Mycenaean • Controlled Greece form 1600 BC to 1200 BC • Warring people that formed clans • Built fort like cities • Adopted the Minoan form of writing called Linear B

5. City States of Greece • Covered a small area of land • Most were slaves/non citizens • Only free adult males had citizenship rights • Built forts on an acropolis • Each city state had an agora • Each polis form its own government and laws • Common Things • Spoke same language • Religious ideas, characteristics, and social patterns

6. Governmentand Society • Objectives: • Explain Importance of Homer’s Work • Identify major religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Greeks • Describe changes that occurred in the governments of the Greek city states

7. Greek Culture • Traveling poets sang or recited folk songs, ballads, or epics • Homer- blind poet who wrote the epics Iliad and the Odyssey • Iliad tells of the Legend of the Trojan War • The Odyssey tells what happened after the Trojan war

8. Religious Beliefs • 3 things for Religion • To explain nature, emotions that causes people to lose self-control, and certain benefits • Believed spirits went to gray, gloomy underworld ruled by Hades • Created Myths about gods, goddesses, and heroes • Oracles- where gods spoke through priests

9. Zeus • King of gods • God of the Sky and Rain • Weapon of choice is his coveted Thunderbolt

10. Athena • Protector of Wisdom and Womanly Goodness

11. Apollo • God of light, music, and poetry

12. Dionysus • God of Fertility and Wine

13. Olympics • Greeks showed strength and bravery to the gods in athletic events • Olympic Games • Held every 4 years to honor Zeus • Only men competed • Foot races, javelin and disc throw, and wrestling • First games held in 776 B.C.

14. Greek Government • City-state originated as small kingdoms • Aristocrats would eventually represent each noble city state • Greek city states that were controlled by nobles were known as Aristocracies • Acted as judges, determined the laws & punishment • Controlled religion

15. Greek Government • Hoplite • Heavy infantry who carried long spears fought in close formations • Chariots and Calvary was no match for the Hoplites • Became important to the defense of the city-state

16. Greek Government • Tyrants • Illegally took power but with people’s support • Ruled well, at first, then became unjust • Popular Government • People can and should rule themselves • Democracy • Government in which citizens take part • Full political rights to small part of population • Women and slaves lacked political rights

17. Sparta and Athens • Objectives: • Analyze the society of Sparta • Explain the development of democracy in Athens

18. Sparta: The Military Ideal • Helots- Conquered people of the Peloponnesus • Spartan Society • Equals- descendants of the invaders, controlled the city-state, and equal land among citizens. • Half-citizens- free, paid taxes, and served in the army but had no political power • Helots- slaves of the Spartans

19. Sparta Government • Two Kings head of Government • One King led army • Other king took care of the home matters • Council of Elders • 28 male citizens over the age of 60 • Assembly of all males over 30 years old • Elected 5 ephors to make sure the King stayed within the law

20. Sparta Military Society • Every adult male was part of the military • Age 7 • Lived in military barracks • Age 18-20 • Trained for war • Age 20 • Began military service • Remained available for military service until 60 years of age

21. Athens Society • Citizens formed the top group • Only Athenian born men had political rights • Metics • Non citizens, free, paid taxes • Could not take part in government • Slaves • People captured during war • Athenians considered slavery natural and necessary

22. Athens Government • Only citizens who owned land held office • All adult males meet in assemblies • Elect 9 archons • Draco- created Athens 1st written law code around 621 B.C.

23. Athens Government • Solon • Settled disputes between creditors and debtors • Outlawed slavery for debt • Solon divided all citizens into four groups based on wealth • Peisistratus • Ruled Athens as a tyrant from 546-527 B.C.

24. Athens Democracy • Cleisthenes • Turned Athens into a democracy • Cleisthenes form of government is known as direct democracy • Athens 10 tribes • Each tribe chose 50 men to form Council of 500 • Members served for 1 year and could not serve twice • Council proposed laws to assembly • Assembly had final authority

25. Daily Life in Athens • Athenian Economy • Terracing helped farmers plant on hillsides • Colonies were established by Athenian farmers/workers • Spent money on public buildings • Set up colonies and traded goods in the Mediterranean Sea

26. Home and Family • Lived in simple homes • Marriages were arranged • Purpose of marriage was to have children • Women considered inferior • Could not own or inherit property • Boys cared for by a Pedagogue

27. Education and Military • Young Athenian boys studied reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics • Sophists taught older boys government, math, ethics and rhetoric • At 18, Athenian males received 1 year of military training

28. The Expansion of Greece • Objectives: • Explain how the Persian Wars began and what the results of those wars were • Analyze the effects of Pericles's leadership in Athens • Explain how the Peloponnesian War began and its result

29. The Persian Wars • Series of conflicts betweens Greece and Persia that lasted from 500 B.C. to 479 B.C. • Battle of Marathon • Athenians defeated the Persians, ending the Persian Wars • Battle of Thermopylae • 300 Spartans fought bravely against the Persians • Give other Greek city-states time to prepare to fight

30. The Persian Wars • Themistocles • Athenian leader who helped to defeat the Persian navy by tricking Xerxes at the Salamis Straight • Persian Navy was larger than the Greek • Greek ships were more maneuverable • This ended the Persian Wars

31. Results of the Persian War • Persian War unified the Greek city-states to protect themselves • Athenians rebuilt and created it own empire in the Aegean Sea • Delian League • Alliance of city-states with Athens as it leader • Included 140 city-states, each contributed money and ships • Sparta feared Helot rebellion and kept troops close to home

32. Age of Pericles461 B.C.- 429 B.C. • Leader of Athens • Great statesman and General • Built Parthenon and Acropolis • Athens reached its peak power and wealth • Made Athens the cultural and political capital of Greece

33. Athens Democracy • All male citizens, except the lower class, could hold public office • Office holders were paid a salary • Chosen by lot so that no one had an advantage

34. Strengthening of Athens • Established colonies in important or rebellious area • Used the Navy to keep the Persians out of the Aegean Sea • Used power of Athens to ensure prosperity and stability • Strengthen the Delian League • Forced city-states to join the league • Athens made all decision for the league

35. Peloponnesian War • Between Sparta and Athens • Reasons for War • Old rivalries • Athenian control of Delian League • Quarrels over trade • Young men eager to fight

36. Sparta vs Athens • Sparta • Has the stronger Army • Began the fighting by invading the Attic Peninsula in 431 B.C. • Forced the Athens to retreat behind the walls of Athens • Athens • Has the stronger Navy • Brought food into the city by ships in the Aegean Sea • Athens plague killed Pericles

37. Sparta vs. Athens • War lasted 27 years • Punctuated by periods of truce and armed peace • Sparta joined forces with Persia to cut off the Athenian • Starving Athens surrendered in 404 B.C. • After War • Sparta attempted to control all of Greece • City-states continued to fight each other for years

38. Essay Question • Compare the social classes in Spartan society with those in the Athenian society. • Citizens in Athens and equals in Sparta were males who could vote and own property. • Metics in Athens and half citizens in Sparta were free and paid taxes but could not take part in government or own land. • Athens’s slaves and Sparta’s helots had no political rights