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Sensation and Perception

Sensation and Perception. Unit 4. Sensation. Sensation vs. Perception. Steps to sensation. 1. Accessory Structures 2. Transduction 3. Sensory Neurons 4. Thalamus or Amygdala 5. Cerbral Cortex. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing.

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Sensation and Perception

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  1. Sensation and Perception Unit 4

  2. Sensation • Sensation vs. Perception

  3. Steps to sensation • 1. Accessory Structures • 2. Transduction • 3. Sensory Neurons • 4. Thalamus or Amygdala • 5. Cerbral Cortex

  4. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing

  5. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jkaSIOqUgY

  6. Sensation • Psychophysics • Absolute threshold • http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/threshold.swf • Signal Detection theory • Difference threshold • Just noticeable difference • Weber’s Law • Sensory Adaptation

  7. Sensation • Subliminal Stimulation

  8. Primary Sense Areas

  9. Taste/Gustation • Chemical Sense • Receptors • Taste buds • Primary tastes • sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami • Flavor

  10. Smell/Olfaction • Emotion • Amygdala • Chemical • Receptors • Olfactory rods • Cilia • Primary Odors • Anosmia • Gender • Age

  11. Vision • Light Waves • Frequency • Amplitude

  12. Parts of the Eye • Cornea • Pupil • Iris • Lens • Retina

  13. Eye, cont. • Receptors • Cones • Rods • Fovea • Blind Spot • Optic Nerve • Afterimages

  14. Theories of Vision • Parallel Processing • Young-Helmholtz • Trichromatic theory • Opponent-Process Theory

  15. Optical Defects • Nearsightedness • Farsightedness • Night-blindness • Colorblindness

  16. Hearing • Sound Waves • Frequency • Pitch • Hertz • Amplitude • Loudness • Decibels

  17. Parts of the Ear • Outer Ear • Auditory Canal • Middle Ear • Eardrum • Hammer • Anvil • Stirrup • Inner Ear • Cochlea • Basilar Membrane • Cilia • Auditory Nerve http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O-adw-HyrQ

  18. Theories of Hearing • Place Theory • Frequency- Matching theory • aka Volley Principle

  19. Hearing Disabilities • Conduction Deafness • Nerve Deafness • Aka sensorineural hearing loss • Cochlear implant

  20. Vestibular Sense • Equilibrium • Inner ear • Semicircular canals • Vestibular sacs

  21. Touch • Skin • Pressure • Depressed • Changes • Active or Passive • Temperature • Pain • A-delta fibers • C fibers • Serotonin • Endorphins • Gate control theory

  22. Kinesthetic • Position and Movement • Receptors • Joints and muscles

  23. Perception Optical Illusions

  24. Perception • The interpretation of sensory information

  25. Illusions

  26. Gestalt • When given a cluster of sensations people tend to organize them into a gestalt • A meaningful whole • Necker cube

  27. Gestalt • Principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions • Our brain does more than register information about the world

  28. Gestalt :Figure-Ground • The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings

  29. Figure Ground

  30. More Figure-Ground

  31. More Figure Ground

  32. Gestalt :Grouping - Proximity • We group nearby figures ************ ************ ************

  33. Gestalt :Grouping - Similarity • We group similar figures together

  34. Gestalt :Grouping - Continuity • We perceive smooth, continuous patterns

  35. Gestalt :Grouping - Connectedness • Because they are linked we perceive them as a set, even if they are not uniform

  36. Gestalt :Grouping - Closure • We fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects

  37. Grouping

  38. Gestalt

  39. Depth Perception • The ability to see objects in 3-D although the images that strike the retina are 2-D • Allows us to judge distance

  40. Depth Perception • Visual Cliff

  41. Depth Perception • Binocular Cues • Depth cues that depend on two eyes • Retinal Disparity

  42. Binocular Cues • Convergence • when projecting images on the retinas, the eyes must rotate inward • The closer the perceived object is, the more they must rotate • Only effective for short distances (less than 25 feet)

  43. Depth Perception • Monocular Cues • Depth cues that can be gained from either eye

  44. Monocular Cues: relative height • We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther way

  45. Monocular Cues: relative size • If we assume two objects are similar in size, we assume the smaller one is farther away

  46. Relative Size

  47. Monocular Cues: interposition • If one object partially block the view of another object, we perceive it as closer

  48. Monocular Cues: linear perspective • Parallel line (railroad tracks) appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater their distance.

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