AAPFCO History of the US Fertilizer Industry Part 1 August 5, 2008 Nashville, Tenn.

1. AAPFCO History of the US Fertilizer IndustryPart 1August 5, 2008Nashville, Tenn. Jim Skillen Director, Science & Regulatory Affairs RISE (Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment)�

2. What is RISE? The national trade association representing manufacturers, formulators, distributors and other industry leaders involved with specialty pesticide and fertilizer products Professional and Consumer Use Located in Washington, D.C. Federal - State � Local

3. What was Fertilizer?[ 200 B.C. � 1830 A.D.] Animal manures Compost Sewage Fish & Fish Waste Seasand Seaweed Bones Liming Materials Marl

4. Commercial Fertilizers 1800s - Ground Bone 1820s - Guano (Bird or Bat) [14-12-0] 1830s - Nitrate of Soda (Chile) Sulfate of Ammonia (coal gas)

5. Agricultural Journals The American Farmer � Baltimore, MD 1819 The New England Farmer � Boston, MA 1822 The New York Farmer � New York, NY 1827 The Southern Agriculturist � Charleston, SC 1828

6. Commercial Fertilizers 1840s - Superphosphate 1850s � [Mixed fertilizers] James J. Mapes - New Jersey C. D. De Burg � New York P. S. Chappell - Maryland

7. 1st Fertilizer Control Official MD Guano Inspection Law 1848 � State Chemist Heating with lime to produce ammonia Ashing to find residues $65.00 per ton

8. Commercial Fertilizers 1850s � 1880s Menhaden Fish Scrap (7-7-0) Slaughterhouse Wastes Bones Blood

9. Consumer Protection In the 1850s S.W. Johnson, a Yale College student� Analyzed nutrient content Papers on fertilizer content �Series of speeches about Fraud� CT Agricultural Society Chemist

10. US Fertilizer Industry 1859 Census 47 superphosphate plants 308 employees 32,000 tons of product

11. US Fertilizer Research MD Agricultural College 1858 Rutgers College in New Jersey 1865 MA Ag College at Amherst 1867 Levi Stockbridge & Charles Goessman determined plants need N,P & K) Maine State College of Ag 1868 [US Civil War 1861-1865]

12. US Fertilizer Research S.W. Johnson publishes two books: �How Crops Grow� (1868) �How Crops Feed� (1870) �no danger of nitrogen deficiency� �no danger of soil exhaustion�

13. US Fertilizer Industry 1869 Census 126 superphosphate plants 2,500 employees 153,000 tons of product

14. US Fertilizer Laws MA Fertilizer Control Act of 1873 NJ & GA in 1874 VA & NC in 1877 Mfg or seller Chemical elements Quantity contained therein Penalties�

15. South Carolina Phosphate 1860s � 1920s Charleston, SC becomes the center of fertilizer production 22 land mining companies 12 river mining companies 16 superphosphate companies

16. South Carolina Phosphate Companies� Charleston Mining & Mfg. Co. Wando Fertilizer Company Improved production facility Pacific Guano Company Ashley Phosphate Company

17. South Carolina Phosphate Companies� Marine & River Company Oak Point Company Wappoo Mills Atlantic Company Coosaw Company

18. South Carolina Phosphate Death BLOW in 1903� A hurricane in 1903 wiped out the river mining companies, it destroyed their equipment

19. Florida River Phosphate U.S. Army Corps of Engineers discovered river pebble deposits while digging a Canal in the Peace River near Fort Meade in 1881 �

20. Florida River Phosphate 1890s � 1910s Peace River Phosphate Company American Ag. Chem. Company River rock production stopped in 1908

21. Florida Phosphate 1890s � 1910s Arcadian Phosphate Company Pharr Phosphate Company Florida Phosphate Company

22. Florida Phosphate 1910s � 1920s International Agricultural Corp. Became IMC, then the Mosaic Company American Ag. Chemical Company Became Agrico� Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co. Became Mobil Mining�

23. Thank you Jim Skillen Director, Science & Regulatory Affairs RISE 1156 15th St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 Tel. (202) 872-3845 jskillen@pestfacts.org www.pestfacts.org www.westnilevirusfacts.org www.schoolpestfacts.org