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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

13e ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 12: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold Two wedding rings = 6 tons of mining waste Gold mining pollutes air and water Toxic cyanide used to mine gold Gold mining harms wildlife Fig. 12-1, p. 273

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

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  1. 13e ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE CHAPTER 12:Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral

  2. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold • Two wedding rings = 6 tons of mining waste • Gold mining pollutes air and water • Toxic cyanide used to mine gold • Gold mining harms wildlife

  3. Fig. 12-1, p. 273

  4. 12-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and Hazards? • Concept 12-1 Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface and can cause volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and earthquakes.

  5. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet • What is geology? • Earth’s internal structure • Core • Mantle • Asthenosphere • Crust • Lithosphere

  6. Plate Tectonics • Tectonic plates • Divergent plate boundaries • Convergent boundaries • Transform fault boundaries

  7. Folded mountain belt Volcanoes Oceanic ridge Trench Abyssal floor Abyssal floor Craton Abyssal hills Abyssal plain Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Abyssal plain Continental shelf Continental slope Continental rise Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (asthenosphere) Fig. 12-2, p. 275

  8. Spreading center Ocean trench Oceanic tectonic plate Oceanic tectonic plate Collision between two continents Plate movement Plate movement Subduction zone Tectonic plate Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Continental crust Continental crust Cold dense material falls back through mantle Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Hot material rising through the mantle Mantle convection cell Mantle Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current. Hot outer core Inner core Fig. 12-3, p. 275

  9. Fig. 12-4, p. 276

  10. Fig. 12-5, p. 277

  11. Volcanoes • Magma • Lava • Eruptions • Lava rock • Hot ash • Liquid lava • Gases

  12. Extinct volcanoes Eruption cloud Ash Acid rain Ash flow Lava flow Mud flow Central vent Landslide Magma conduit Magma reservoir Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere Fig. 12-6, p. 277

  13. Earthquakes • Stressed rocks shift or break • Seismic waves • Seismographs • Richter scale to measure amplitude • Tsunami

  14. Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Shock waves Focus Epicenter Fig. 12-7, p. 278

  15. Fig. 12-8, p. 279

  16. Fig. 12-9, p. 279

  17. Waves head inland causing damage in their path. Earthquake in seafloor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour. As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height. Undersea thrust fault Upward wave Bangladesh India Burma Thailand Malaysia Sri Lanka Earthquake Sumatra Indonesia December 26, 2004, tsunami Fig. 12-10, p. 280

  18. 12-2 How Are Earth’s Rocks Recycled? • Concept 12-2 The three major types of rock found in the earth’s crust are recycled very slowly by physical and chemical processes.

  19. Rocks and Minerals • Minerals • Rock • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic • Rock cycle

  20. Sedimentary Rocks • Sediments • Tiny particles of eroded rocks • Dead plant and animal remains • Transported by water, wind, or gravity • Pressure converts into rock • Sandstone • Shale • Coal – some types

  21. Igneous Rocks • Forms from magma • Can cool beneath earth’s surface • Granite • Can cool above earth’s surface • Lava rocks • Most of earth’s crust

  22. Metamorphic Rocks • From preexisting rocks • Pressure • Heat • Chemically active fluids • Slate from shale • Marble from limestone

  23. Erosion Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary rock Sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Cooling Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite Fig. 12-12, p. 282

  24. 12-3 What Are Mineral Resources and What Are the Environmental Effects of Using Them? • Concept 12-3 Some minerals in the earth’s crust can be made into useful products, but extracting and using these resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.

  25. Mine, use, throw away; no new discoveries; rising prices A Recycle; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries B Recycle, reuse, reduce consumption; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries Production C Present Depletion time A Depletion time B Depletion time C Time Fig. 12-13, p. 272

  26. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) • Minerals • Mineral resources • Fossil fuels • Metallic • Nonmetallic • Reserves

  27. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) • Ore • High-grade ore • Low-grade ore • Examples of mineral resources • Aluminum • Iron – used for steel • Copper • Gold • Sand and gravel

  28. Conversion to product Surface mining Melting metal Metal ore Separation of ore from gangue Discarding of product Smelting Recycling Stepped Art Fig. 12-13, p. 283

  29. Fig. 12-14, p. 284

  30. Extracting Mineral Deposits (1) • Surface mining • Overburden • Spoils • Open-pit mining

  31. Extracting Mineral Deposits (2) • Strip mining • Area strip mining • Contour strip mining • Mountaintop removal • Subsurface mining

  32. Fig. 12-15, p. 284

  33. Undisturbed land Overburden Highwall Coal seam Overburden Pit Bench Coal seam Spoil banks Fig. 12-16, p. 285

  34. Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining • Disruption of land surface • Damage to forests and watersheds • Biodiversity harmed • Subsidence • Toxic-laced mining wastes • Acid mine drainage

  35. Fig. 12-17, p. 285

  36. Fig. 12-18, p. 286

  37. Fig. 12-18, p. 286

  38. Harmful Environmental Effects of Removing Metals from Ores • Ore mineral – desired metal • Gangue – waste material • Smelting • Air pollution • Water pollution • Acidified nearby soils • Liquid and solid hazardous wastes

  39. 12-4 How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last? • Concept 12-4 Raising the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to an increase in its supply, but there are environmental limits to this effect.

  40. Uneven Distribution of Mineral Resources • Abundant minerals • Scarce minerals • Exporters and importers • Strategic metal resources • Economic and military strength • U.S. dependency on importing four critical minerals

  41. Supplies of Mineral Resources • Available supply and use • Economic depletion • Five choices after depletion • Recycle or reuse • Waste less • Use less • Find a substitute • Do without

  42. Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable Minerals • Supply and demand affect price • Not a free market in developed countries • Subsides, taxes, regulations, import tariffs • Prices of minerals don’t reflect their true costs • Developing new mines is expensive and economically risky

  43. Science Focus: Nanotechnology • 100 nanometers or less • 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter • Widespread applications • Potential risks • Need for guidelines and regulations • Future applications

  44. Case Study: U.S. General Mining Law of 1872 • Design: Encourage exploration and mining • Mining claim can give legal ownership of land • Abused: land used for other purposes • Low royalties to federal government • Leave toxic wastes behind • $32-72 billion est. to clean up abandoned mines

  45. Fig. 12-19, p. 289

  46. Mining Lower-grade Ores • Improved equipment and technologies • Limiting factors • Cost • Supplies of freshwater • Environmental impacts • Biomining • In-situ mining • Slow

  47. Ocean Mining • Minerals from seawater • Hydrothermal deposits • Manganese-rich nodules • High costs • Ownership issues • Environmental issues

  48. 12-5 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably? • Concept 12-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, reduce resource waste, and recycle and reuse minerals.

  49. Finding Substitutes for Scarce Mineral Resources • Materials revolution • Ceramics • Plastics • Fiber-optic glass cables • Limitations • Recycle and reuse • Less environmental impact

  50. Using Nonrenewable Resources More Sustainably • Decrease use and waste • 3M Company • Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program • Economic and environmental benefits of cleaner production

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