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知识来源 Source of knowledge

知识来源 Source of knowledge. Superstition Tradition School learning Authority Trial and Error Media and experience Logical reasoning: deductive and inductive Scientific Methods . 学习的层次结构 Hierarchy of Learning . Create Evaluate Analyze Apply Understand Remember . Content .

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知识来源 Source of knowledge

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  1. 知识来源 Source of knowledge • Superstition • Tradition • School learning • Authority • Trial and Error • Media and experience • Logical reasoning: deductive and inductive • Scientific Methods

  2. 学习的层次结构Hierarchy of Learning • Create • Evaluate • Analyze • Apply • Understand • Remember

  3. Content • Implicit assumptions • Concepts/principles • Relationship among concepts • Mechanism for relations • Taxonomic classification • Phenomena 理论研究的层次结构Level of theoretical discourse • Products • Level • Vision • World view • Wisdom • Frameworks • Knowledge • Theories • Intelligence • Models • Descriptive generalizations • Information • Observation • Data

  4. New Vision: Earth Rising as seen from the Moon

  5. 第一章 护理理论概述Introduction toNursing Theory Faculty of Nursing School of Medicine Xi’an Jiaotong University

  6. 第一节 护理理念Nursing philosophy • 一、理念的概念 • 理念（philosophy）， 拉丁文philia（爱）及sophia（智慧），智慧之爱。寻找真理。 • “理念是指导个人思维及行为的价值观与信念”。 • 以原则的形式左右及指引个人的思维方式及行为举止 • 协助个人判断是非 • 决定事物的价值

  7. 二、护理理念(nursing philosophy) • 是引导护理人员认识及判断护理及其它相关方面的价值观及信念。(concerned with the values and beliefs of a discipline and provide a guidance for the members of discipline) • 为护理人员研究护理学的四个核心概念，人、健康、环境及护理提供专业理念体系。(Providing the framework for asking questions about central concept of the discipline)

  8. 三、护理理念的发展过程 • 禁欲主义阶段（asceticism）（1850~1920） • 浪漫主义阶段 (romanticism)（1921~1940） • 实用主义阶段 (pragmatism)(1940~1960) • 人本存在主义(humanistic existentialism) • (1960~至今)

  9. 四、护理理念与护理理论的关系 • 不同的护理学家，由于其理论的研究重点不同，对护理理念的四个要素有不同的认识，也采用了不同的词来描述这四个基本概念。

  10. 社会 环境 人 护理 健康 概念之间的相互关系 护理理论

  11. 第二节 护理学的核心概念Central concepts of nursing • 一、定义 • Webster: 概念是人们对周围环境中的某种物体所形成的印象，是人们对客观事物属性及本质的理性认识。

  12. What is a Concept? • “A thought or a notion conceived in the mind” • Two types: • Empirical - observed or experienced through senses • i.e. stethoscope, cup, chair, etc. • Abstract - not observable • i.e. self-concept, beliefs, oxygen, etc.

  13. 二、分类 • （1）根据人们对概念的认识： • 抽象概念 • 具体概念 • （2）根据概念的性质及应用范围： •  列举性概念 •  关联性概念 •  联合性概念 •  统计性概念 •  总结性概念

  14. 三、概念的形成过程 （concept formation) • 思考、科研、系统观察会形成概念。

  15. Concept Formation A concept as an abstract idea generalized from particular instances A concept as a thought, idea or notion Relationship of the Stimulus to the concept External Stimulus Internal Stimulus Scope Examples Simple Complex Concrete Abstract Value in Scientific Inquiry

  16. 四、概念与理论的关系 • 概念的组成部分为理论（Basic ingredients of a theory）

  17. 五.护理学的概念（Nursing concepts) • Such as health, caring, interaction, stress, adaptation, growth, grief, illness, needs, etc.

  18. Four Basic Concepts of Nursing • Person • Environment • Health • Nursing

  19. Person (description) • Each person is a unique individual viewed in holistic terms. By holistic it meant that the individual is considered a total human being with biopsychosocial needs. Each person has the right to dignity, respect, autonomy and the opportunity to grow and develop to their full potential and to achieve optimal functioning. Each person is seen within a social context.

  20. Person • Human beings-unique individuals, family or friends • Bio-psychosocial • Functioning-needs, strengths • Rights, responsibilities, dignity • Culture • Developmental, lifespan • Adaptable, self-responsible

  21. Health (description) • Health is the multidimensional concept which contains bio-psychosocial elements on a functional continuum. Health is intrinsically related to notions of quality of life, harmony and well-being. Health can be defined objectively and from subjective experience.

  22. Health • Well-being, quality of life • Continuum-health-illness • Equilibrium • Biopsychosocial dimensions • Able to do things one wants • Feeling good • Objective and subjective elements

  23. Environment (description) • The enrironment is the major determinant of the health of individuals, families, and communities. It provides the context for nursing practice. The environment can be considered along two dimensions: The physical and socio-cultural environment which includes social values, beliefs and customs and internal/external dimension. The environment is ever changing in the context of time and space.

  24. Environment • Working, family, community, global • Animate and inanimate • Time and space • Cultural, customs, rituals • Internal and external • Dynamic, changing

  25. Nursing( Description) • The essence of nursing is caring. Nursing is a practice-based profession involving both art and science, the art is the process in terms of the nurse-client relationship. The science is the knowledge and skills the nurse contributes to nursing practice. The aim of nursing is to promote well-being, prevent illness, maintain and restore health, and to help people attain a peaceful death.

  26. Nursing • Caring for individuals, families, communities • Promotion of well-being • Peaceful death • Technical skills • A process • Supporting life • Practice-based • Relationship with patient and others

  27. 第三节 护理理论Nursing Theory • 一、有关护理理论的基本概念 • 1、知识（Knowledge）is an awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning or investigation) 通过学习或研究而获得的对现实世界的认识

  28. 2、科学（Science ）refers to a body of knowledge, including facts and theories, generated by the use of controlled, rigorous, and precise methods within a delimited area of concern. 通过系统科学的研究而获得的知识体系（自然、社会、思维三大知识领域）

  29. 3、Metaparadiam （学科领域或观点） • Domain is the perspective and the territory of the discipline. It contains the subject matters of a discipline, the main agreed upon values and beliefs, the central concepts the phenomenon of interest, its central problems, and the methods that are used to provide some answers in the discipline.（学科的主要学术价值及观点，主要问题）

  30. 4、Paradigm（科学观） • A paradigm is a conceptual diagram, it can be a large structure used to organize theory, that are shared by its scientific community.

  31. 5、Model (模式） • A model is an idea that explains by using symbolic and physical visualization.(用图示或符号对概念及其关系的解释）

  32. 6、理论（Theory） • An abstract general plan that presents a systematic explanations and relationships among concepts. • Theories embody principles for describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena • Ultimate goal of science • Make scientific findings meaningful and generalizable

  33. 理论是人们对自然界及人类社会现象的规律的系统性认识。理论是人们对自然界及人类社会现象的规律的系统性认识。 • 每个理论都由一个以上的概念及概念之间的相互关系如并列、相关、因果等关系而组成。

  34. Components Paradigm Metaparadigm Philosophies Conceptual Models Theories Empirical Indicators Levels of Abstraction Most Abstract Most Concrete Metaparadigm of Nursing

  35. 二、理论的分类 • 用途：基础理论及应用理论； • 应用范围：宏观理论及微观理论； • 专业性：护理理论、生物学理论、医学理论等。 • 功能：描述性、解释性及预测性理论

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