Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review ACCELERATED BIOLOGY SECOND SEMESTER

2. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY Define the following terms: • Biotechnology: using living organisms to produce something useful for humans • Restriction Enzymes: recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA between specific nucleotides • Sticky Ends: pieces of DNA with short single stands on each end that are complimentary to each other

3. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY Define the following terms: • Plasmid: small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria • Vector: carrier of the DNA Ex) virus, yeast, plasmid • Recombinant DNA: formed when DNA is combined from different organisms

4. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY Define the following terms: • Ligase: Enzyme that pastes the sticky ends of a gene and plasmid together • Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme that uses mRNA to make DNA. (It is the reverse of transcription!)

5. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY • Electrophoresis: • Method of separating DNA fragments based on size • DNA fingerprint is formed • Can identify a person or find a certain gene

6. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY • How can we benefit from a human gene that has been placed into a bacterium? • Human genes that produce human proteins can be added to bacteria or yeast to mass produce the proteins (insulin, human growth hormone) • What is the process of making an organism with another organism’s DNA included called? • Recombinant DNA

7. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY • Explain the process of gel electrophoresis and the movement of DNA based on size and charge. • DNA fragments put into a gel • Tracks have a positive charge at one end and negative at the other • The negatively–charged DNA moves toward the positive end • Smallest fragments move the furthest • Fragments are dyed to get visible bands • DNA fingerprint is formed • Can ID person or find a certain gene

8. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY • Explain a genetically modified crop (GMO). • can add favorable characteristics to a plant by manipulating the plant’s genes • What are the benefits? • you can engineer crops that . . . • have an improved nutritional value (added genes to rice) • are resistant to drought • produce their own insecticides • Drawbacks? • uncertain long term effects of eating GMOs • GMO crops can cross breed with other crops (wind pollination)

9. Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY • Looking at the gel above, which is most likely the father? Father #1 or Father #2? (circle one) Explain what lead you to this conclusion. • If the mother does not have the band in common with the offspring, the father must have it!

10. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • For each of the following, give an example of animal groups (fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) that uses it generally (there are exceptions of course) and at least one advantage and disadvantage of each.

11. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Fill in the chart below that shows characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction:

12. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Label the following diagram: If the vas deferens is cut, then . . . urinary bladder urethra prostrate penis seminal vesicle epididymis vas deferens testis

13. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • For each part below, describe its function: • Testis – where sperm is produced • Epididymis – where sperm mature and are stored • Vas Deferens – long tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra. If cut (vasectomy) sperm will no longer be released from the male’s body • Urethra – common passageway for urine and semen to exit the body

14. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • For each part below, describe its function: • Prostate – secretes an alkaline (basic) fluid that neutralizes the acids in the female reproductive system • Seminal vesicle – produces a fluid rich in sugars that sperm use for energy • Penis – deposits sperm in the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse • Scrotum – external skin sac that regulates temperature for sperm production (scrotum is 3˚C cooler and ideal temperature for sperm development)

15. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • On the diagram in number 8, draw the path sperm would take from the place it is made to where it leaves the body.

16. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Label the following 2 diagrams: Fallopian tube (oviduct) ovary uterus cervix vagina Vaginal opening

17. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • On the diagrams in number 11, draw the path an egg would take from the place it is made to where it leaves the body. Put a star where fertilization takes place. Put a circle where implantation takes place. If the fallopian tube is cut, then . . . Fallopian tube (oviduct) ovary uterus vagina

18. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • For each part below, describe its function: • Ovary – produce eggs and sex hormones • Oviduct – passageway that leads ovum from the ovary to the uterus. smooth muscle contractions move ovum towards the uterus and is the site of fertilization. If cut (tubal ligation) then sperm can not reach the egg. • Uterus – if ovum is fertilized, implants in wall of uterus – pregnancy results • Vagina – birth canal through which infants pass when born • Cervix – narrow portion at the bottom of uterus that provides opening to uterus from vagina

19. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • How are egg cells and sperm cells the same? • Both contain 23 chromosomes (haploid)

20. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • How are they different? Why are they different. • Sperm • Motile – propelled by flagellum • Much smaller than egg • Males begin to produce sperm during puberty • Males release millions of sperm at one time • Consist of a head, midpiece, and a tail • Ovum • Nonmotile – smooth muscle contractions of the fallopian tube move ovum towards the uterus • Much larger than sperm; can be seen by the unaided eye • Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have ~ 2 million • Females usually release one egg a month

21. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Sketch a sperm cell and label the parts and their functions. • head – contains an enzyme that can penetrate the unfertilized egg (called the acrosome) • Midpiece – contains mitochondria to supply energy for sperm movement • tail – flagella propels the sperm forward

22. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • What is the function of a hormone? How do they get around the body? • Substances secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells in the body. They act as chemical messengers and are released into the bloodstream. • To which biomolecule groups can they belong? • Proteins

23. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • For each of the hormones, state the general function in the female and where each is produced. • FSH – stimulates development of the follicle • LH – spike in LH triggers ovulation on day 14 • Estrogen – causes uterine wall to thicken(endometrium – bloody uterine lining) • Progesterone – maintains the uterine lining • HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin sustains the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum will continue to produce estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium. Without HCG menstruation begins and embryo is aborted. Pregnancy tests check for presence of HCG in urine

24. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • For each of the following hormones, state the general function in the male and where each is produced. • FSH – stimulate sperm production • LH – released by the pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of testosterone • Testosterone – stimulate sperm production

25. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Describe negative feedback. • A change in one direction stimulates a counteraction in the other direction. • High levels of a hormone, inhibit the production of more hormone • Low levels of the hormone stimulate the production of more hormone • Most hormone release is regulated through negative feedback. • Give an example of it in the male reproductive system and an example in the female reproductive system.

26. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Give an example of it in the male reproductive system and an example in the female reproductive system • HIGH levels of testosterone INHIBIT the release of LH.

27. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

28. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT • Describe positive feedback. • HIGH levels of a hormone stimulate the output of even MORE hormone • Give an example of it in the female reproductive system. • An infant suckling stimulates milk production

29. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

30. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

31. Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

33. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Label the diagram of the heart below. Include all blood vessels, valves, and chambers. • On the diagram above, shade in the side of the heart that contains oxygen poor blood.

34. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • List all the structures a molecule of O2 would pass traveling through the heart. • left atrium  bicuspid (mitral) valve  left ventricle  aortic valve  aorta

35. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Distinguish between each of the 3 types of blood vessels. • Which vessels are the thickest? The thinnest? • Arteries are the thickest since they have the highest pressure • Capillaries are the thinnest (1 cell thick) • The direction of flow? • Arteries – away from the heart • Veins – back to the heart • Which vessels have valves? • Veins

36. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • What is the major function of the capillaries? • Where gas exchange takes place

37. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • In which vessels is the oxygen content of the blood reversed? • The pulmonary arteries and veins • Explain why. • Blood is going to the lungs to pick up the O2 that was just inhaled and drop off CO2 to be exhaled

38. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • What is the most muscular chamber of the heart? • The left ventricle • Explain why? • It has to pump blood to the entire body. Up to your head and down to your toes!

39. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • What are the 4 components of whole blood? Describe and give the function of each component. • Plasma – liquid portion that carries dissolved nutrients (90% water) • Red blood cells – Transports oxygen (hemoglobin protein binds to the oxygen; biconcave shape increases the surface area) • White blood cells – defend the body against disease • Platelets – clotting

40. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Explain the 3 disorders/diseases below associated with the circulatory system. • Anemia – the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood cells is reduced. Can result from a loss of blood or nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms include fatigue, loss of energy, leg cramps. Organs are not getting the oxygen they need • Hemophilia – a disease where the blood fails to clot. Caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for one of the blood clotting factor proteins • Leukemia – cancer of the blood. The bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells

41. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure. • It is measured as a ratio in mm of Hg (Mercury) Systolic diastolic • Systolic is the pressure exerted when the ventricles contract and blood is pushed into the arteries • Diastolic is the pressure exerted when the ventricles relax

42. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure. • An average BP reading is 120/80

43. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION

44. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • diaphragm – controls breathing • oral cavity – • nasal cavity – filters, warms, moistens inhaled air • bronchi – two branches of the trachea that lead to each lung • pharynx – common passage way (oral and nasal cavity meet) • larynx – contains the vocal chords • epiglottis – prevents food from entering the trachea • bronchioles – smaller branches of the bronchi • trachea – wind pipe with cartilaginous rings • intercostals – Muscles between ribs that aid in breathing • aveoli – air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs (increase surface area)

45. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Describe the sequence of events that occurs in order to breathe. Include the action of the diaphragm, rib cage, and the change in pressure between the lungs and the outside environment. • Inhalation • Intercostals and diaphragm contract • Diaphragm flattens and pulls downward • Rib cage is pushed up and out causing a decrease in the air pressure in the lungs (air pressure in lungs is now lower than atmospheric pressure) • Air is sucked into lungs

46. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • Describe the sequence of events that occurs in order to breathe. Include the action of the diaphragm, rib cage, and the change in pressure between the lungs and the outside environment.

47. Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION • What is pneumonia? • Infection in the lungs caused by a bacteria or a virus that makes breathing difficult.