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Wait, What Happened at the Border ?

Wait, What Happened at the Border ?. By, Josh Wallk Period. 8 Mrs. Granfield. Germany Austria The Ottoman Empire. Who was involved in WW I ? . V.S. Britain France Russia U.S. Ottoman coat of arms. What Happened to the Middle East ?. The Ottoman Empire at its Peak.

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Wait, What Happened at the Border ?

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  1. Wait, What Happened at the Border ? By, Josh Wallk Period. 8 Mrs. Granfield

  2. Germany Austria The Ottoman Empire Who was involved in WW I ? V.S. • Britain • France • Russia • U.S. Ottoman coat of arms

  3. What Happened to the Middle East ? The Ottoman Empire at its Peak • The Ottoman Empire was broken up into a number of new countries in the Middle East. • New nations were crossed over existing cultural, tribal, and religious boundaries. • The League of Nations was formed from the allies to oversee the Ottoman Empire. • Rulers were appointed by the League of Nations in each of the new nations. • Many of the Middles East nations had oil, which would be controlled by foreign nations. • The imperial order that held these countries together for so long was replaced by independent nations.

  4. How did the borders change ? Middle East Maps Before & After WW1 • Turkey became an independent nation (forcing the Kurds and Assyrians into Iraq…resulting in conflict). • Iraq was formed as a new country (combining opposing factions from Sunnis, Shiites, & Kurds). • Jordan, Palestine, Jewish homeland, West Bank, and Gaza Strip were formed. • Syria came under French rule and Lebanon was carved out from Syria (which never sat well). • Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar also developed their own independency. • Britain, France, & Russia extended their rule over many of these new countries.

  5. Why were these border changes made ? Cartoon showing League of Nations • The allies wanted to carve up the Ottoman territories to prevent future wars. • Nations wanted to become independent in the early 20th century. • The League of Nations wanted to oversee the former Ottoman Empire. • Europeans wanted to reduce Islam’s ability to control the region. • The British had promised Arabs independence. • Britain announced support for the Jewish people in Palestine.

  6. Why were these border changes made ? Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points • Britain made a secret agreement with France to divide up the Ottoman territory between them. • The Europeans wanted to maintain and expand their colonies. • Europe & France wanted to get access to oil in the middle east. • Woodrow Wilson (U.S. President) wanted to help countries become more independent (14 Points).

  7. What new territories were made ? Post WW1 Map showing new countries • Britain created Iraq (a new country) by putting together pieces from Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul. • The land east of the Jordan river was carved out for Palestine (which included Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip). • Syria became a territory under France • France later carved out Lebanon from Syria. • Kuwait (originally part Basra) was later placed under the control of Britain

  8. What was the impact of these changes ? Angry Palestinians • The collapse of the imperial order led to turmoil, which continues even now. • The British had installed a king (an outsider) to oversee Iraq and maintain peace between the Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds. • The creation of a Jewish home in Palestine was met with anger from Arab leaders. • Syria was opposed to the creation of Lebanon. • Middle East did not welcome Foreign powers opposing their will. • The “West” has become a symbol for the anger and conflict which continues to plague the Middle East.

  9. What has happened since then ? Cartoon showing Israel at the center of conflict • Discovery of oil in the middle East led to exploitation by the foreign powers in the Middle East. • Religious and ethnic differences led to repeated conflicts within these new territories and between them. • Iraq’s king (installed by the British) was overthrown in 1958. • Jordan was granted independence in 1946. • Israel became an independent state in 1948, which led to numerous Arab and Israeli wars. • Lebanon gained independence in 1943 from Syria and conflicts between Christians and Muslims resulted in a 15 year civil war.

  10. Could these problems been prevented ? Cartoon showing how the League of Nations was a failure • Possibly if the British and French had not created that secret agreement. • Some of the problems could have been avoided if the Europeans did not attempt to colonize these territories. • Britain’s support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine may not have been avoidable. • Yes, if the league of nations had not installed their own rulers throughout the Middle East. • Possibly if the league of nations had been more sensitive to the religious, ethnic, and tribal differences in the region. • Possibly not because they broke up an age old imperial order into new groups of people and territories.

  11. Where is the Middle East today ? Chart showing Oil Reserves by Country • Iraq was recently invaded by the United States and is still in transition to a new government. • The west bank, which is under Israeli control (as a result of the 1960 war with Egypt), is at the center of conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. • Kuwait was liberated in 1961, invaded by Iraq in 1990, and liberated by the U.S. in 1991. • The oil rich Arab countries provide most of the oil imports for the U.S., Britain and France. • Syria and Lebanon continue to be at odds. • Lebanon continues to exist on the brink of civil war between the Sunnis and Shiites.

  12. What can we learn from history ? WW1 Cemetery • Conquering nations need to be very careful about decisions they make when redrawing boundaries. • Western countries need to understand the history and cultures in the Middle East. • Allies in victory need to work together in an open way instead of following their own agendas. • The nations at war need to be careful about any commitments they make which could come back to haunt them after the war is over. • Conquering nations should resist the temptation to colonize and control other nations. • After a war, allies should focus on creating lasting peace.

  13. Bibliography • "BBC - History - World Wars: The Middle East during World War One." BBC - Homepage. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml>. • Roberts, Sam. "The New York Times Upfront | The News Magazine for High School." Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities | Scholastic.com. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f011507_TP_mideast>. • Maps of War ::: Visual History of War, Religion, and Government. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.mapsofwar.com/>. 

  14. Bibliography • Country Studies. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://countrystudies.us/>. • Hickman, Kennedy. "World War 1 - World War 1 History Middle East." Military History - Warfare through the Ages - Battles and Conflicts - Weapons of War - Military Leaders in History. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarioverview/a/wwiglobal.htm>. • "Global Connections . Historic Political Borders of the Middle East | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/maps/pol.html>.

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