The Early I ndustrial Revolution 1760-1851

1. The Early Industrial Revolution1760-1851 By Catherine Silva Per.3

2. The industrial revolution started in a small town in northern England in the early eighteenth century. This town was Manchester and grew to be one of the fastest growing cities in history. • It had dramatic changes and improvements in manufacturing, mining, transportations, communications and in society. Regions that had little or no industrial changes were easily taken over. Industrial revolution: the transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication.

3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution

4. Population growth • Population grew faster after 1780 and begun to rise in the early nineteenth century. This led to more widespread resistance to disease and more food supplies. These steady food supplies and more open job opportunities led people to marry at earlier ages and more children. • Immigration had a big deal on the growing population as well.

5. Agricultural Revolution • Provided food for city civilians and forced poorer peasants off the land. An important crop was the potato for it produced much faster than others. Turnips and clovers were grown across Europe from northern Iberia to the Balkans. It did not consume the soil and could be fed to cattle which are sources of milk and meat.

6. Trade and Inventiveness • Along side of the growth of population for the industrial revolution were the improvements in trade and inventiveness. This helped with bringing not only new harvests and crops but many different tools. • Roads were improved. • Additional craftsmen were trained to produce fine china, silks and carpets by hand. • Sugar was introduced in the eighteenth century and became the most profitable item in international trade.

7. Britain and Continental Europe • Britain was the worlds leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware, clocks and craft goods. • Its mining and metal industries employed engineers willing to experiment with new ideas. • Political power was not centralized and the government had less employed officials • Its aristocracy was less powerful and the order of social class weren't as firm as they were in Europe. • It was common to see some aristocrats married into merchant families.

8. Continued… • Britain had financial institutions which invested in inventors to support their growing business • Ex. James Watt – steam engine • After 1815 the economy of western Europe started industrializing creating many businesses. • They created technical schools, encouraged joint-stock companies and banks.

9. The Technological Revolution

10. There were five innovations that spurred industrialization… 1) Mass production through division of labor: This had a great effect because it increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods which were both great for business. Division of labor- a production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency. 2) New machines and mechanization: It Revolutionized industrialization because new machines such as the spinning jenny were invented to save time and money in the factories. Creating machines/new inventions often took years, even decades and many inventions led to dead ends. Though as time passed the economy was advancing and inventions like the spinning jenny were created to do the task of weaving cotton. Once this had token place more models were made giving us the options to create prints on the cloths. The boom in thread production had begun. Mechanization- the use of machines to do work previously done by hand.

11. 3) A great increase in the manufacture of iron : • Iron had been used in Africa and Asia for thousands of years. • Iron processing led to deforestation which drove the cost for iron to increase. • Because of limited wood and cost of skilled labor, iron was rare and valuable metal outside of china before the eighteenth century. • In Britain there were many experiments with different fuel sources to smelt the iron. • Use of coke started ( coal in which impurities have been cooked out) instead of charcoal. • Coke iron was cheaper and less destructive of the forest. • It became more used as it became less expensive. • Less money led to more production of guns, hardware and tools. This still required long labor so they created interchangeable parts and were used by the mid nineteenth century.

12. 4) The steam engine and transportation: • Before the eighteenth century many activities had been limited by the lack of energy. • Ex. Deep mines • First machine to transform fossil fuels into mechanical energy was the steam engine- a substitute for human, animal, wind and water power. • James watt improved the steam engine being known as an “ inexhaustible source of power” • Railroads were great for the use of transportation. • They were the first steam locomotive • Were connected to mines cities and ports • Later used to transport individuals as passengers • Railroads were faster and cheaper • Soon railroads covered eastern America and opened up to the midwest

13. 5)Electric telegraph: • First telegraph was created in the early 1800’s • After creating the battery making it possible to produce an electric current Samual Morse developed a code of dots and dashes which could be transmitted with a single wire • This led to the stringing of wires on railroads creating telegraphs from station to station announcements making railroads safer and more efficient. • In 1851 the first submarine telegraph cable was laid which was the beginning of a network that eventually connected the entire globe.

14. The Impact of Early Industrial Revolution

15. Many environmental changes in the cities • Some individuals became very wealthy • The largest population increase was the poor • Urban problems increased • Factories caused air and water pollution • People drank from contaminated water than was by industrial runoff • People started getting messy with trash throwing it out in the street • Steamships brought cholera(infectious disease) from India • Life span: • England-40 • Manchester-24 • Poor neighborhoods-17

16. Rural environments • Were mostly covered by human activity • Deforestation became a serious problem • Europebegan to stop relying on wood for building ships or powering industries.

17. Working Conditions • Mainly the jobs were worked for low pay and long hours with few breaks • Women : working class( who could not afford servants) usually did spinning, weaving and other household chores • Rural women cared for gardens and animals and harvested • With industrialization women worked in textile industries • Many children worked as young as 5 or 6 • Factories preferred children because it was less money and they could crawl under the machines to clean • Children were beaten if they fell asleep during their 14016 hour shift or made a mistake • Slavery in the south due to more demand of work of tea, coffee and sugar

18. New economic and political ideas

19. Capitalism not mercantilism was enforced • Reduced trade regulations after 1815 • Scientific method could store social and technological methods • Utopia meaning “nowhere” utopian socialism- a philosophy hoping to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism • Protests and reforms • Workers were joining together for bad working environment • Persuaded a parliament to look into industrial workers lives • Factory act of 1833- children • The mines act of 1842-prohibited employment of women and boys under 10