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The Age of Revolution. Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High. The Enlightenment & Revolution. Enlightenment ideals influence revolutionaries Popular Sovereignty: political authority resides with people
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The Age of Revolution Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High
The Enlightenment & Revolution • Enlightenment ideals influence revolutionaries • Popular Sovereignty: political authority resides with people • John Locke: Gov’t gets legitimacy from the people, individual rights are paramount • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Same thoughts on legitimacy, but thinks people act collectively due to past shared experiences • Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations—Laissez-Faire Economics • Rene Decartes, CesareBaccaria, Francis Bacon • Counter Enlightenment breeds conservative & anti-democratic movements • Benjamin Franklin is standard barer for critics of Old World • Enlightenment thinkers fight for personal freedoms, popular sovereignty, and “equality” • This equality did not extend to women, slaves, children, peasants, laborers, or non-whites
Rebellion In British N.A. • Two policies upset American colonists: • Britain raises taxes on its N. Amer. colonies to mitigate war debt and any future military expenses to defend colonies • The Stamp Act of 1765 • Britain closes western frontier from colonial settlement • Sons of Liberty—New English activist organization • Boycotts cut British imports by 2/3 • Parliament cuts taxes • Upsets colonists by granting tea monopoly to British E. India Co. • Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre
The American Revolution • 1775: First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia • Fighting erupts in New England (Lexington & Concord) • Assumes power of gov., raises army, issues currency • George Washington chosen to lead army • Declaration of Independence • Many European powers see helping Americans as way to spite British • France: arms, money, officers for training; king recognizes the United States (1778) • Spain & The Netherlands also offer support • 1781: General Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown • 1783: Treaty of Paris ends war, establishes an independent American state • Constitutional Convention creates democratic republic • Only white, male property owners can vote • Women gain modest influence with independence
Revolution Spreads • French revolution directly challenges the power of monarchies, the Catholic Church, and landed aristocracy • French society divided into three classes (estates): • First Estate: Clergy • Second Estate: Nobility/Aristocracy • Third Estate: merchants, bourgeoisie, peasants • All three estates represented in Estates General, one vote per • Wars almost bankrupt France • Kings Louis XV & XVI issue emergency financial controls • Parliament and local govs unhappy with kings’ power/rule
The French Revolution:Liberté, égalité, fraternité • King Louis XVI calls first meeting of the Estates-General since 1614 to raise taxes, Third Estate overruled by others • Many priests join Third Estate to form National Assembly • Locked out of Parliament, meeting places, find tennis court • The Tennis Court Oath • July 14, 1789: Storming of the Bastille • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Women storm palace, seizure of church lands, war • King & Queen enter Paris, offering food, and are arrested
The Reign of Terror • New gov. the National Convention to run the war • Jacobin radicals dominate Convention • Girondine: feared mobs, king alive • Mountain: wanted king dead • MaximilienRobspierre • King put to death by guillotine—1793, form republic • Committee of Public Safety (CPS) assumes executive power • 40,000 people executed, 300,000 arrested (women & Catholics) • New calendar, Notre Dame converted to “temple of reason” • Robspierre overthrown, executed—July 27, 1794 • New government=the Directory
Napoleon Bonaparte • Directory=dictatorship • 1799: Directory overthrown by Napoleon • 1803: New war against Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia • Austria, Russia and Prussia quickly defeated • Grand Empire= French Empire, “dependent states” and allies of France • 1802-1812: Napoleon is master of Europe • Britain survives because of powerful navy • Naval superiority makes British almost invulnerable • Britain defeats French-Spanish navy at Trafalgar • Napoleon tries to cut British goods from reaching European markets • Other Europeans don’t like being told who to do business with, rebel • British colonies still making it money
Fall of Napoleon • French revolutionary ideals promote a cultural unity known as Nationalism • 1812: Napoleon invades Russia, when they refuse Continental System • Napoleon wants to make example of them • Russians refuse to fight, run for hundreds of miles, burning cities so French can’t use them • French arrive in a burning Moscow • French army heads home in winter, freeze • Other Europeans stand up to Napoleon • Paris captured in March 1814 • Napoleon exiled to island of Elba • Bourbon monarchy restored—King Louis XVIII—former king’s brother • King not supported, Napoleon slips back into Fr. • Soldiers sent to arrest Napoleon, they take his side and escort him to Paris in triumph • Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia defeat N
Nationalism • Nationalism: European response to Napoleonic wars • Nation: community of people sharing common language, customs, history, values, religious beliefs, and even destinies • Goal: organize into a nation-state and pursue national interests • Giuseppe Mazzini argues for creation of Italian nation-state • Nationalism breeds distrust of minority groups • Theodor Herzl founds the Zionist movement for Jewish state in Palestine—World Zionist Organization takes up the cause
Changes for Europe • Slave rebellion in French colony of Saint Domingue • Haitians general: Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture • Plantations over run, French lose grip on control • Napoleon sends army to reestablish colonial control • 1804: Haiti declares independence • Congress of Vienna (1814-15) reestablishes Old Order • Revolutions of 1848 • Revolts against the Old Order across Europe, fueled by Nationalism
Roots of Revolution In Latin America • Napoleon’s invasion of Iberia creates instability • Portuguese king moves court to Brazil • Spanish king forced to abdicate, replaced by Napoleon’s brother • La Junta Central • Popular movements begin replacing Spanish colonial rule • Local Juntas begin taking power • 1810: Revolutionary sentiments grow • Fight for Latin American independence begins
Spanish South America, 1810-1825 • New government in Caracas run by white landowners • Revolt by mixed-race and racial minorities • New government appoints Simon Bolivar as military ruler • Bolivar is a popular ruler—force of personality=loyalty • Military advantage shift between loyalists & revolutionaries • Political problems in Spain help independence movement • Formation of independent “Gran Colombia” • Union between Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela • Bolivar’s army moves into Peru & Bolivia • Junta in Buenos Aires overthrow viceroy in 1810 • 1816: Declare independence for “United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata” • San Martin leads forces into Chile & Peru • Surrenders Peruvian forces to Bolivar who defeats the Spanish • Juntas fail to establish a stable government in Argentina
Mexican Independence • Mexico is Spain’s richest and most powerful colony • Largest amount of immigrants from Spain • Spaniards overthrow viceroy for being too sympathetic to creoles • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla’s peasant revolt—massacred whites • Hidalgo is captured, executed in 1811 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over revolution • Forms own government, constitution, but loses war against loyalists • 1821: Colonel Agustin de Iturbide est. independent government • Iturbide crowned emperor • 1823: Iturbide overthrown by army, republic established
Brazil • 1808: Portuguese King John VI flees from Napoleon to Brazil • 1821: King John returns to Portugal to stop rebellions • King John’s son Pedro is made regent of Brazil • Free Spanish colonies push Brazilian elites to pull for ind. • Pedro allies himself with independence movement, declares ind. • Pedro is crowned Pedro I Emperor of Brazil • Committed to monarchy and liberal principles • Protected Portuguese property rights • Disapproved of slavery • 1830: ended Brazil’s slave trade • Elites disapprove and rebel, military costs hurt Brazilian economy • Pedro abdicates the throne in 1831 • Emperor Pedro II rules until 1889, overthrown by republicans
Problems of Order • Constitutions seen as protection against tyranny • At first experiments fail • British Americans had longer history with democracy than did Spanish and Portuguese Americans • Latin American constitutional experiments • Struggle to define role of church and military in the state • Unification of Dominion of Canada—Confederation of 1867 • Personalist leaders—caudillos • Andrew Jackson & Jose Antonio Paez (Ven.) expand their authority • Latin American countries begin to split, fracture in to regional governments—eventually new nations are created • Many fail to establish stable democratic governments
Europe in the Americas • War of 1812: Great Britain vs. United States • Weakness shown by burning of Executive Mansion & Capitol • Spanish-American War: United States is major military power • Spain invades Mexico, Spanish invasion fails • French invade Mexico for unpaid debt—Benito Juarez flees • French install Emperor Maximilian, defeated by Juarez’s army • May 5, 1862: Battle of Puebla • Chile (with British help) fights Peru & Bolivia twice • Argentina & Brazil fight for Uruguay—tie forces Ur. independence • War of the Triple Alliance Argentina, Brazil, & Uruguay vs. Paraguay—Francisco Solano Lopez dies, Paraguay decimated
Redrawing Europe • Political nationalism takes hold in Italy & Germany • Unification of Italy • Congress of Vienna places northern Italy under Austrian control • Southern Italy under tight Spanish control • Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister of Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia under King VittoreEmmanuele II • Joins forces with nationalists, Giuseppe Garibaldi • Garibaldi hands southern Italy to Emmanuele, est. Kingdom of Italy • Kingdom of Italy takes Venice and Rome later • Unification of Germany • King Wilhelm I of Prussia appoints Otto von Bismarck as PM • Bismarck a believer in realpolitik • Provokes wars with neighbors, raising nationalism—Prussia victorious—Wilhelm names himself German Emperor of Second Reich
New Ideologies • Conservatism • Society as a slowly changing organism • Condemned “radical” revolution • Edmund Burke praises American Rev, condemns French Rev • Liberalism • Change=progress • Favored republican forms of government • Rights can be curtailed, some groups exempt • Limitations on voting rights, push to end slave trade, Abolition, role of women in society