Grammar

1. Grammar The use of “it”

2. 一、it 作人称代词 1. it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指刚提到的事物，以避免重复: Xi’an is a beautiful city, isn’t it? 2. 也可以指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子): Is this your dog？No, it isn’t.

3. 二、it作非人称代词 it有时并不指具体的东西，而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等，称为非人称的it： 指天气： It is a lovely day, isn’t it? It is a bit windy.2. 指时间: It was nearly midnight when she came back. 3. 指环境: It was very quiet in the café. 4. 指距离： It is half an hour’s walk to the city centre from my home.

4. 5. 指日期： --What's the date today? --It's May 1, 2007. 6. 指季节： It is summer now. 7. 指度量： It is about 5 kilograms. 8. 指价值： ----What's the cost of the T-shirt? ----It is 150 yuan.

5. 三、it用作形式主语 替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

6. 1. 代作主语的动词不定式 （1）It be adj.（for sb.）to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy，difficult，hard，necessary，unnecessary，possible，impossible，likely，unlikely，right，wrong，important，unimportant，legal，illegal，well-mannered，ill-mannered，polite，impolite，clear，obvious，certain，suitable，proper，fit，useful，useless，dangerous… It is illegal（for a teenager）to drive a car without a license.

7. （2）It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind，unkind，nice，rude，cruel，considerate，thoughtful，thoughtless，careful，careless，silly，foolish，stupid，clever，wise，crazy. It's kind of you to help me with the problem.

8. (3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 It's no good/use doing… It's（well）worth doing… It's（well）worth one's while doing/to do… It's（well）worth while doing/ to do It's no use crying over spilt milk.

9. 2. it作形式主语替代主语从句 ①It is adj. +clause It is clear ( obvious，true，possible, certain …) that ... 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为“清楚（显然, 真的……）”　 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。例如： It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.

10. ②It is v-ed that…=sb./sth. is to do It is said (reported/ learned/believed /thought/known/told/hoped.....) that ... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句；该结构常译为“据说（据报道，据悉．．．）”。 It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.

11. ③ It is + noun +从句 It is a pity (a shame /an honor /a good thing/a fact /a surprise/... ) that ... 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去．表示出乎意料，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。例如： It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！

12. 四、it作形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it 作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。 该句型中的it 作形式宾语，常用的动词有think, believe, make, find, consider, feel等。

13. I think it no use arguing with him. 我认为和他争吵没有用。 I found it very interesting to study English. 我发现学英语非常有趣。 He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 他非常清楚地表示他对那门学科不感兴趣。

14. Explanation • 由it引导的强调句结构： • It is (was)+被强调部分+that (who) + 句子其他部分 • 注意：此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。

15. 如： • 原句：My father did the experimentin the labyesterday evening． • 强调主语：It was my father who/that did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening．

16. 强调宾语：It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening． • 强调时间：It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab．

17. 强调地点：It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening． e.g. It was in that city that we met for the first time． It was not until he told me that I knew the truth．

18. 典型例题分析： 1) It was last night ____ I saw the film Star Wars． A．who B．when C．that D．which

19. 答案C强调句的结构是：It + be + 强调部分 + that (who) +主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用who，其余用that。

20. 2) It is ten years ____ Miss Green returned to Canada． A．that B．when C．since D．as • 答案C 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A 其实本句不是强调句。

21. 若是去掉It be…that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉‘It is…that, 只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。It is + 时间+since...，其中 is = has been.

22. 练习 I 1. It was this village ___ I was bought up. A. where B. that C. on which D. which

23. 2. It was in this village ___ I was bought up. A. where B. that C. on which D. which

24. 3. --- Was it under the tree ___ you were away talking to a friend? --- Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone. A. that B. where C. which D. while

25. 二、若原句是not…until句型, 在强调until 部分时,要把否定形式放入被强调部分。例如: He didn’t leave until l returned. = It was not until I returned that he left．

26. I didn't realize she was a famous film star untilshe took off her sunglasses.took off her dark glasses. →Not until she took off her sunglassesook offsdid I realize she was a famous film star. →It was not until she took off her sunglasse thatI realized she was a famous film star.

27. 每空填一词, 使该句与所给句子的意思相同。 1. We depend on energy to do many things. ___ __ energy ____ we depend on to do many things. 2. He didn’t go to school because he was ill. ___ ___ because he was ill ______ he didn’t go to school. that It is that It was

28. 3. My father didn’t return until 11 o’clock last night. ___ ___ __ ______ 11 o’clock ______ my father returned last night. 4. David bought a walkman from a store yesterday. __ ____ David _________ bought a walkman from a store yesterday. It was not until that It was that / who

29. 5. The mountain climber was rescued with the help of the local people. __ ____ with the help of the local people ______ the mountain climber was rescued. 6. Her uncle moved out of the city and settled down in a small village for this reason. ____ ___ for this reason ______ her uncle moved out of the city and settled down in a small village. It was that It was that

30. 7. What on earth do you want me to say? ______ _ ___ ____ you want me to say? 8. I didn’t receive the manager’s reply until nearly a month later. ___ ___ ___ ______ nearly a month later ______ I received the manager’s reply. What is it that It was not until that

31. 9. Marx met Tracy in Pairs in 1845. ___ ___ in Pairs ____ Marx met Tracy in 1845. 10. The football match had to be called off because it rained heavily. __ ____ because it rained heavily ______ the football match had to be called off. It was that that It was