Biology Today Third Edition

1. 0 Biology TodayThird Edition Eli Minkoff • Pam Baker Chapter 19 Protecting the Biosphere Copyright © 2004 by Garland Science

2. Chapter 19 • Protecting the Biosphere • A. Review Mature, Natural Ecosystem • Stable, chemical recycling, energy flowing • No pollution • B. Pollution • Wrong place, time, amount • Measurement • Sentinel species (canaries) • Toxic substances

3. Chapter 19 • Protecting the Biosphere • C. Human Activity • Water pollution and sources • Water usage, clean-up and treatment • Air pollution • Outdoor / indoor • Acid rain • CFC’s and ozone • CO2 and greenhouse effect • D. Reducing your (negative) impact on environment? • How can you?

4. Figure 19.1 (3)

5. fig. 11-1

6. fig. 11-6

7. Figure 19.3

8. 0 Mature Natural Ecosystem • Stable population (climax community). • Sunlight supplies the energy. • Chemical are cycled (short term). • Energy flows through the system.

9. 0 There is no pollution (contamination) in a mature natural ecosystem Pollution: • Anything present in the • wrong place** • wrong time • wrong amount Problem of quantities

10. 0 Problem of quantities How do we measure pollution? • known chemical identified • monitor [conc] in time & space • sentinel species • organisms sensitive to pollutants canaries in mines

11. study the damage done to organisms by poisons (pollutants) 0 Toxicology • Toxic substances often affect: • nervous system • reproductive system e.g., DDT, dioxins

12. 0 Pollution prevention Cost / Benefits

13. Human activity affects ecosystems 0 Water pollution Agricultural runoff Industrial waste Human sewage Accidental spills Some sources:

14. 0 Bioremediation Using organisms (like decomposers) to help remove toxic substances from the environment e.g., using bacteria to cleanup oil spills

15. 0 Bioremediation of water human waste water gray water Methods of treatment natural stream/soil action septic tanks

16. Figure 19.4

17. 0 Bioremediation of water human waste water gray water Methods of treatment natural stream/soil action septic tanks lagoons wastewater treatment plants

18. 0 Wastewater treatment primary particulates settle out secondary aerobic bacteria work water is chlorinated and released tertiary remove N2

19. 0 drinking water • Sources: • rivers/lakes • wells • treated wastewater

20. 0 drinking water • Treatment: • holding tanks • flocculation • filtration • chlorination (fluorination)

21. Figure 19.5

22. 0 Air pollution Some sources: outdoor vehicles factories fires indoor outdoor stuff bacteria chemicals 2nd hand smoke

23. H2SO4 0 Air pollution Acid rain (deposition) SO2 (sulfur dioxide) Reacts to form sulfuric acid NO2HNO3 nitric acid

24. 0 pH fig. 10-9

25. Figure 19.6

26. 0 Acid rain Automobiles and factories Global problem crosses political boundaries Illinois/Indiana New York Germany Sweden

27. Figure 19.7

28. 0 The Ozone layer filters out harmful UV light damaged by CFC’s - banned

29. Figure 19.8

30. 0 CO2 and global warming We release CO2 Plants use CO2 Burning fossil fuels releases more CO2

31. Figure 19.10

32. Figure 19.9

33. Global footprint exercise www.myfootprint.org

35. Chapter 15 • Mind and Body • A. Factor affecting health • genetics, lifestyle, diet, exposure • B. General (innate) Immunity • skin / inflammation / lymphatics • C. Specific Immunity • antigens and antibodies • lymphocytes • B-cells and antibody production • T-cells • Active and passive immunity 0

36. Chapter 15 • Mind and Body • D. Immune problems • Autoimmunity • Allergies • Transplant rejection • Immunosuppression • E. Link to nervous and endocrine systems • Autonomic nervous system • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic • Stress • Placebo effect 0

37. Chapter 16 • HIV and AIDS • A. Definitions and History • AIDS, Th cells, clusters • Koch’s postulate • B. Viruses • What are they? • How do they reproduce? • C. HIV infection • Stages/Symptoms • Tests/Treatment/Prevention 0

38. Chapter 17 • New Infectious threats • A. Definitions • infection, pathogen, epidemic, pandemic • B. Diseases • Factors affecting how diseases spread: • Host susceptibility/pathogen virulence • Herd Immunity • Weather • Route of transmission • Direct contact • Food • Water 0

39. Chapter 17 • New Infectious threats • C. Specific problems • Bioterrorism: Anthrax/Small pox/? • STD’s: bacterial/viral • Antibiotic resistance 0

40. Chapter 18 • Biodiversity • A. Definitions • biodiversity, communities • B. Diversity • Value of biodiversity ? • Ways to preserve • Loss of diversity Extinction (true- or pseudo-) 0

41. Chapter 18 Biodiversity • C. Ecosystems (Biomes) • Changes in communities • Sucession – primary and secondary • Climax Community is mature, natural ecosystem • stable population • sunlight supplies energy • chemical are cycled • energy flows through system (lost as heat) • Destruction of ecosystems • examples: • deforestation • desertification 0

42. Chapter 19 • Protecting the Biosphere • A. Review Mature, Natural Ecosystem • Stable, chemical recycling, energy flowing • No pollution • B. Pollution • Wrong place, time, amount • Measurement • Sentinel species (canaries) • Toxic substances

43. Chapter 19 • Protecting the Biosphere • C. Human Activity • Water pollution and sources • Water usage, clean-up and treatment • Air pollution • Outdoor / indoor • Acid rain • CFC’s and ozone • CO2 and greenhouse effect • D. Reducing your (negative) impact on environment? • How can you?