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METHODOLOGIE 6 5 Oktober 2010

METHODOLOGIE 6 5 Oktober 2010. De Narratieve Creatie van het Zelf Narrativeit en psychologie Jerome Bruner en Dave Eggers. Jerome Bruner (1915) Cognitieve psycholoog (Law Institute New York Univ.).

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METHODOLOGIE 6 5 Oktober 2010

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  1. METHODOLOGIE 65 Oktober 2010 De Narratieve Creatie van het Zelf Narrativeit en psychologie Jerome Bruner en Dave Eggers

  2. Jerome Bruner (1915) Cognitievepsycholoog (Law Institute New York Univ.) • Bruner has been a strong proponent of the importance of culture in human development, including education as an aspect of that culture. Minds, he argues, have the properties they do not just because we are all humans, but because of the rules and rituals of child-rearing and formal education. Cultural rules and routines and the narrative forms people learn to use to interpret their own and others' lives are the themes of The Culture of Education (1996). • An insightful accounting of his development as a psychologist through his first sixty years is to be found in his autobiography, In Search of Mind: Essays in Autobiography (1983). The fact that he continues to be devoted to the problem of the cultural uses of narrative and interpretation is exemplified by his books, with Anthony Amsterdam, Minding the Law (2000) and Making Stories: Law, Literature, and Life .

  3. Making StoriesKun je jezelf kennen? Wat betekent het zelf? Bestaat er een essentieel eigen ‘ik’? • De mannenwaaruitikbesta(A. Kossmann 1999) • Heteroniemen F. Pessoa: Fernando Pessoa Alberto Caeiro Alvaro de Campos Ricardo Reis Bernardo Soares [Boekder Rusteloosheid]

  4. Heteroniemen: steeds een andere stem met een eigen identiteit. • F. Pessoa 1888-1935 (Lissabon) • Ricardo Reis: geboren in 1887 in Oporto. Opgevoedbij de Jezuiten. Sinds 1919 verbleefhijwegensmonarchistischesympathieenals balling in Brazilie. • Alberto Caeiro (1889 Lissabon-1915). Leefdezijnheleleven op het platteland. Alleenlagere school, geenberoep. Overlijdt op 26 jarigeleeftijdaan TBC. • Alvaro de Campos: 1890 Tavira. Scheepsbouwkundigingenieur. Portugesejood. Reistveel. De dichter is eenbedrieger. Hij / bedriegtzovolkomen, / Hijdoet het zelfsvoorkomen, dathijlijdt / Aan de pijn die hijechtvoelt.

  5. J. Bruner Making Stories • Er is nieteenintuitief en essentieelzelf. We maken steeds constructies en reconstructies van onszelf. • De verhalen over onszelfmoetenwordeningepast in nieuwesocialeconstructies. • Onzeherinneringlijdtaanonze ‘self-making stories’ • Self-making is a narrative art (65) Inside = memory, feeling, ideas, subjectivity Outside = others and their expectations

  6. Het denken over het zelf is afhankelijk van de voorstelling die we van de ander maken en waarbij we ons instellen op hoe hij ons ziet. [Existentieel onvermogen om jezelf te zien] • “Selfhood seems to have become an astonishingly public issue in our times”(68) [Therapeutische handboeken, maar ook fenomenen als Facebook en Twitter] • Is er eerst narrativiteit en dan pas eigenheid of andersom, gaat de neiging verhalen te construeren vooraf aan de vorming van een zelf?

  7. Autobiography│Life Writing Augustinus 4e eeuw Het ware levenvind je in het Zelf. De ware herinnering, het ware levenwordtgegeven door God en de Voorzienigheid. Ware herinneringspiegelt de wereld. Narratiefrealisme. Hermeneutics of Memory Vico 18e eeuw Het zelfconstrueertz’neigenautobiografie (God raakt op de achtergrond.) Periautography: over jezelfschrijven in ‘wij’of ‘hij’ vormmaar de ík’vormvermijden.

  8. Bruner: Innovations in conceptions of selfhood (78) Rousseau 18e eeuw Autobiografie is gebaseerd op ijdelheid. Levensverhalen zijn meer sociale spelletjes dan gebaseerd op waarheid. Beckett 20e eeuw Verbeelding of Fictionalisme (veinzen) ligt aan de basis van elk schrijven over de werkelijkheid. ‘ik’vorm als autobiografische referentie is geheel verdwenen

  9. Becketts Play 1962/3 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTFkYVR2sL8&list=QL&feature=BF • Absurditeit: narrativiteit en ‘self’ tot in het uiterste gedreven

  10. Bruner als psycholoog • Self-making narrative moves between autonomy (freedom of choice) and commitment (relations to the world of others)(78) • Story of Christopher McCandless (Into the Wild) Victim or victor in his own story? “And how did he tell it to himself?”(80) • How does one balance autonomy and commitment in one’s sense of self? (80) • Self making through self-narrating is restless and endless, probably more so now than ever before. It is a dialectical process, a balancing act. And despite self-assuring homilies about people never changing, they do. They rebalance their autonomy and their commitments, usually in a way that honors what they were before. (84) Je moet een verhaal construeren om je eigen handelen te begrijpen, zin te geven. Constructing ourselves through narrative. Making sense of human interaction.

  11. Why narrative ? • Self is a product of our telling not some essence to be delved for (85/86) • Verhalen geven structuur en betekenis aan het onverwachte en bepalen daarmee culturele coherentie. • Verhalen gaan over ‘small things’ en claimen geen morele algemeenheden • Een cultuur heeft een traditie van verhalen nodig om in balans te blijven. A culture’s narrative resources – its folktales, its old-hat stories, its evolving literature, even its modes of gossip – conventionalize the inequities it generates and thereby contain its imbalances and incompatibilities. (93)

  12. Balance between imagination and memory • Taalsysteem is gebaseerd op representatie: verwijzen naar objecten die niet aanwezig zijn. Narrativiteit is gekoppeld aan deze eigenschap van taal. • Feiten en verhalen hangen samen en moeten meer in elkaars verband bestudeerd worden: pleidooi voor interdisciplinaire benadering (medici + narratologie)

  13. Imagination and Facts • The story of AbdulrahmanZeitoun (August/ September 2005) • Real-life story of a New Orleans building contractor, an all American hero but also a victim of the collapsing society in which there is no justice, no government, no protection, no respect. • What is the story about? (Story and discourse)

  14. STORY: New Orleans August 2005 Main character • Ordinary family hard working man with ‘mythical’ status. • Someone who helped people out, rescued them. • Muslim born in Syria living in the US for 34 years. • Six days after the storm he was arrested and stayed in prison for a month . • The Kafka-story of a man in a tragic situation • No phone calls allowed; his wife concluded that he was dead • After a month he was released on 75.000 bail (other Muslims stayed in prison for 8 months) • Civil rights catastrophe: 1200 detainees were kept in the Greyhound station in the aftermath of the hurricane, most of them African-Americans.

  15. DISCOURSE • Journalistic prose based on interviews. • Narrative non-fiction: it tells a story but with a novelist’s eye paying attention to such things as character and suspense. • Oral history: the power in telling details that haven’t made in into the official media reports

  16. What sort of text? Narrative / Politics / Life writing • This political story revisits 2 weaknesses of the Bush administration: the relief operation following Katrina in 2005 and the conduct of the war on terror. • Eggers: individual stories have more impact than polemics about the war on terror. • In testimonies humanitarian crises get attention (mismanagement of governments; racist motives; poverty of US)

  17. Responsibility / Solidarity • What is the What (story of the Sudanese Lost Boy Valentino Achak Deng) • In Memoirs the line between truth and fiction is an agonising one. • “Fiction takes you closer to the Truth” • ‘Nonrequired reading’ (journalism and short stories) as alternative for High Literature?

  18. Slot Examen: 5 vragen Heynders 3 kennis vragen, 2 essay vragen. Kennisvragen: over de stof en het instrumentarium. 1 (kennisvraag) over kort verhaal dat geanalyseerd moet worden. • Alle leesverslagen uiterlijk 1 november inleveren.

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