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Phthalates in Toys

Phthalates in Toys. A number of different phthalates are used to manufacture toys and child care products. Di-n-butyl phthalates makes up less than 0.01% of toys by weight. BUT the majority of exposure to DBP is through food. Risk Assessment: Di-n-butyl Phthalates (DBP) in Food.

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Phthalates in Toys

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  1. Phthalates in Toys A number of different phthalates are used to manufacture toys and child care products Di-n-butyl phthalates makes up less than 0.01% of toys by weight BUT the majority of exposure to DBP is through food

  2. Risk Assessment:Di-n-butyl Phthalates (DBP) in Food By: Lani Gabriel And Chantel Yanagawa

  3. Physical Properties Di-n-butyl Phthalate (DBP) • Soluble in: 1. Ether 2. Benzene 3. Organic Compounds 4. Water (Slightly) • Colorless to yellow oily liquid

  4. Common Uses for DBP • DBP is a PLASTICIZER that is commonly used as a (n): • 1. additive for adhesives • 2. softener to impart flexibility to rigid plastic products • 3. solvent for oil soluble dyes, insecticides, peroxides & • organic compounds • 4. antifoaming agent and fiber lubricant in the textile • industry

  5. Products Containing DBP • Lotions & Suntan Lotions • increases absorption • Nail polish • prevents chipping

  6. Products Containing DBP (cont.) • Food Storage Containers • increases flexibility • Adhesives • increases its ability to adhere

  7. Products Containing DBP (cont.) • School Supplies • increases flexibility in erasers • Prescription Drugs • Used for compounding • Controls release

  8. Environmental Persistence • Does not readily break down in water or deep within the soil • Breaks down in the presence of air and sunlight • Half life of 1.8 days • Does not bioaccumulate in the environment, but has the potential to

  9. Hazard Identification Many Studies Indicate: • endocrine disruption Some Studies Indicate: • Carcinogenic

  10. Population at Risk

  11. Route of Exposure • Ingestion • Anything containing DBP that can be put into the mouth • Inhalation • Dermal and Eye contact

  12. V. Salazar et al. • Three study groups • Control • DBP 0.61g/kg soy free rat chow • DBP 2.5g/kg soy free rat chow • Male pups were assessed for weight loss: • Total Body Weight • Thymus • Testis

  13. V. Salazar et al. (cont.) Measurements were taken 14 days after birth • No significant differences observed in total body weight and weight of thymus

  14. V. Salazar et al. (cont.) Testis Relative Weight for Male Pups Notable weight loss observed in male testis for both experimental groups compared to control

  15. V. Salazar et al. (cont.) • Pubertal Parameters were Studied in Pups Males Females Anogenital Separation Vaginal Opening

  16. R. Kavlock et al. • Survey conducted on general population exposure to DBP was estimated by: 1. International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) 2. UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) 3. Health Canada 4. US Agency and Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) • Reproductive toxicity of DBP was reported by Wine et al.

  17. R. Kavlock et al. • Reproductive toxicity was assessed in: • Males: • Control • DBP 52 mg/kg/day • DBP 256 mg/kg/day • DBP 509 mg/kg/day • Females: • Control • DBP 80 mg/kg/day • DBP 385 mg/kg/day • DBP 794 mg/kg/day

  18. R. Kavlock et al.

  19. R. Kavlock et al.

  20. Dose Response LOAEL • per Wine et al. = 250 mg/kg/day • US EPA = 600mg/kg/day NOAEL • per Wine et al. = 50 mg/kg/day • US EPA = 125 mg/kg/day

  21. Dose Response • Uncertainty Factor = 10 x 10 x 5 x 3 x 10 = 15,000 • Rfd = Wine et al. NOAEL/Uncertainty Factors = 50/15,000 = 0.0033 mg/kg/day • US EPA Rfd = 0.1 mg/kg/day

  22. Current Regulations • US Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act 2008 • Permanently Prohibited (concentrations >0.1%): 1. diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) • dibutyl phthalate (DBP) • butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) • Temporarily Prohibited (concentrations 0.1%): • di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) • di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) • di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)

  23. Current Regulations (cont.) • California has prohibited all 6 phthalates under Assembly Bill 1108 • European Union under Directive 2005/84/EC ONLY bands 3 phthalates: 1. diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) • dibutyl phthalate (DBP) • butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) • Canada proposes band in 2009 similar to US (NO update since)

  24. Current Regulations (cont.) • All regulations previously discussed ONLY address consumer products in which children are exposed to • In the US there is currently NO regulations in place for food and cosmetic products

  25. Recommendations • Provide education to community on: • Presence of DBP and other phthalates • How food is cultivated and packaged • How to shop for DBP free alternative products • Added pressures on manufacturing industries and farming community • Encourage decrease of DBP use • Encourage using DBP free alternatives • Provide educational background on environmental & community effects

  26. Recommendations (cont.) • Additional studies on: • Human exposures • Investigation of diet concentrations: • For specific age groups • For different ethnicities • Different foods (i.e. bananas, beef, carrots, etc.) • Larger sample sizes • Long term exposure (i.e. Chronic effects) • Synergistic effects

  27. Recommendations (cont.) • With additional studies the possibility of new regulations can be put into place

  28. References Please visit Toxipedia for our list of references Image provided by Steve Gilbert http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/ENV+H+472-572+A+-+Environmental+Risk

  29. http://www.greencape.org/endocrine.html

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