The United States: Americans, Citizenship, and Governments Chapter 3

1. The United States: Americans, Citizenship, and GovernmentsChapter 3

2. Being an AmericanLesson 1 • Essential Questions: • What are the characteristics that make up a culture? • It Matters Because: • The United States is enriched by its diversity and unified by its shared values .

3. A History of Immigration • United States people share many traditions • Parades, 4th of July, Thanksgiving • 13% of all Americans were not born in the United States • Immigrants- people who move permanently to a new country. • 98% of Americans are descendants of immigrants from all over the world

4. A History of Immigration • Original North Americas came from Asia • Beringia–natural bridge that once connected Asia and North America 20,000 years ago • Native Americas today • Spanish started coming in the early 1500’s • Earliest settlers lived in Florida • Later in the Southwest • 1600’s migration to North America • French- in Canada • Netherlands (Dutch) –to New Amsterdam (New York) • Started farms along the Hudson River • English –along east coast of North America • Late 1600’s and 1700 -people arrived from • Germany, Sweden, Ireland, Scotland • These immigrants created the 13 colonies • Eventually the colonies became the United States

5. A History of Immigration • Some people came here by force • African slaves • From 1860 to 1890, 10 million people migrated to America from Western and Northern Europe • Denmark, Norway, and Sweden • From 1890 to 1924 they came from southern and eastern Europe • 22 million people arrived • Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia • Late 1900s • A larger share came from Asia and Latin America

6. Ongoing Transformation In Millions • 1830 to 1930 population growth • From 12 million to 12o million • 40 million were immigrants • Brought different cultures • Made the United States diverse

7. Migration from rural to urban areas • New businesses in cities paid higher wages than farms • After the Civil War African Americans moved to northern cities • Find better jobs start new life • Blue-collar job workers– worked in factories, wore blue shirts • White-collar workers– worked in offices, schools, stores • Women are in the labor force more than before • Eventually factory jobs decrease • Service jobs increase

8. American Diversity • Ethnic groups –People who share a common national, cultural, or racial background 20102050 • White, Non-Hispanic -64% 46% • Hispanic -16% 30.2 • African American -12.2 % 11.8% • Asian -4.5% 7.6% • Multiracial -1.5% 3.0% • Diverse Religious Beliefs • Christianity -173 million • Judaism, Islam, Buddhism -9 million • Many practice no religion

9. Values and Institutions • Values –the general principles, or beliefs, you use to make judgments • Broad ideas about what is good and desirable and what is bad and undesirable • Americans have certain shared values • Freedom, equality, opportunity, justice, democracy • Unity, respect for one another, tolerance • The Declaration of Independence • “All people are created equal” • “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

10. Social Institutions • Institutions- are the key practices, relationships, and organizations in a society • Family- the most important in American life • Churches, Temples, Mosques • Schools-reflect society’s culture, history and knowledge

11. Government Institutions • American institutions reflect how strongly Americans value freedom • The right to make one’s own choice in life without unrestrained interference from government • American government is based on popular sovereignty • the idea that the government receives its power from the people

12. The Constitution • Constitution –a detailed, written plan for government • Makes sure that government is limited in its power • 3 Branches of government • Legislative Branch-makes laws and changes existing laws based on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights • Judicial Branch-studies and interprets the law • Executive Branch-executes the laws • Bill of Rights • Makes sure that government cannot abuse its power over the individual

13. Lesson 2Becoming a Citizen • Guiding Question: How does a person become a citizen? • Citizens- are members of a community who owe loyalty to a government. • They are entitled to the protection of that government • Civics- The study of the duties and rights of citizens • A good government need well informed citizens

14. Roots of Citizenship • Citizenship-the rights and duties of citizens • Dates back 2,500 years • Greece and Rome • Gave people legal rights • People were allowed to take part in government • Government- the ruling authority for a group of people

15. Two ways to become a citizen • Natural Born Citizen • Any person Born in the 50 States • District of Columbia • American territory (Puerto Rico) • U.S. Military base • If you’re born in another country but your parents are citizens • Can hold dual citizenship

16. Naturalized Citizenship • Naturalization-is a legal process to obtain citizenship • Must be 18 or older • Must have been a lawful permanent resident for 5 years • Must be able to read, write and speak English • Must be of good moral character • Must show an understanding of U.S. civics

17. Road to Citizenship • Complete an application and send to • U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USIS) • USIS talks to the applicant to make sure all requirements are meant • Take citizenship exam • Special ceremony • Take an oath or swear to be loyal to the United States • Swear to obey the Constitution and the country’s laws • Sign a document • Children under 18 automatically become citizens

18. Losing Citizenship • 3 ways to lose citizenship • Expatriation- someone who gives his or her allegiance to a foreign country • Denaturalization- Naturalized citizens who are found to have lied on their citizenship application • Being convicted of certain crimes (3 types) • Treason • Taking part in a rebellion • Trying to overthrow the government by violent means • Only the federal government can grant or take away citizenship

19. Foreign-Born Residents • Not everyone who lives and works in the United States is a citizen • Many are alien-foreign born residents who have not been naturalized. There are two groups • Legal alien- legal immigrant who permanently lives in the U.S • They have all the rights, pay taxes, but cannot vote

20. Legal Alien (continued) • Nonresident alien- someone who expects to stay in the U.S. for a short time, specific period • Can hold a job,, own property, attend public schools, receive public recourses • Refugees- a person who has left his or her home to escape danger such as persecution by government, war or natural disaster • Threat of live has to be proven

21. Illegal Aliens • U.S. limits immigration to about 1 million per year • Relatives of U.S. citizens receive the highest priority • So do people with jobs skills • Many more people want to come here than its allowed • 1 million people per year enter and remain illegally • Others never applied, arrived by crossing the Mexico and Canada border illegally. • They can be arrested and deported

22. Undocumented People • Close to 12 million people illegally in the United States • Come for work and a better life • Many have no friends, family, or a place to live • Hard to find work • It’s against the law to hire illegal aliens • Low paying jobs and no benefits • Live in fear of deportation

23. Lesson 3Duties and Responsibilities of America Citizens • Guiding Question- What are the duties of American citizens? • We all play a part in making our communities safe and successful • We all have responsibilities-things we should do • Obligation we meet on our own free will

24. American Citizens have certain duties • Duties- actions we are required to perform at • National, state and local level • Failure to perform is subject to penalties under law • Obey laws- rules that allow people to live together peacefully • Keep order, protect health, safety and property • Pay taxes- provide most of the money government needs to function • Pay employees, defend the country, help those in need • Local communities hire police, pave roads, run schools • There can be fines and penalties if you don’t pay taxes

25. Defend the Nation • Most male citizens 18-25 are required to register with the Selective Service System (SSS) • In the event of war • Extreme emergency • Government may need to draft • Call men to military service • 1973-the latest draft (Vietnam war) • Today our military depends on volunteers

26. Serve in Court • The U.S. Constitutions guarantees that anyone accused of a crime the right to a Jury trial • The Sixth Amendment • Jury- a group of citizens who hear evidence and decide whether the accused is guilty • Every adult citizen must serve • The accused also has the right to hear or present witness • If you are called as a witness, it’s your duty to appear

27. Attend School • Government provides free public elementary and secondary education • In most states children 7-16 years old have to attend school • Taught knowledge • Civics • Prepare for life • Resolve problems • Form opinions, express

28. Citizens Duties and Responsibilities • RESPONSIBILITIES • Be informed and vote • Participate in your community and government • Respect the rights and property of others • Respect different opinions and ways of life • DUTIES • Obey the law • Pay taxes • Defend the nation • Serve in court • Attend school

29. Responsibilities • Be an Informed and Active Citizen • Citizens have the responsibility to stay informed • Know what your government is doing • Make your concerns known: • Contact elected officials • Support a cause you care about • VOTE • Citizens 18 and older

30. Respect the Rights of Others • Being helpful is part of being a good citizen • Respect diversity in population. Every person has a right to his or her opinion beliefs and practices • Tolerance-respecting and accepting others

31. Contribute to the Common Good • Essential Question:What would your community be like if no one supported charities or volunteered for community projects? • People need to participate, and volunteer • Give time, money, and effort to improve the community • Contribute to the common good

32. Being Involved • Guiding Question: How can citizens make their community a better place to live • Government provides many services • Citizens also share the responsibility to meet community needs • Care about the community’s • Welfare • Health • Prosperity and happiness of all members

33. Donating Money and Time • Volunteerism- the practice of offering your time and service to others without receiving payment • More than 63 million people do volunteer work • Without volunteers many community needs would not be met • Clean up parks • Church groups make holiday baskets • Retirees teach schoolchildren • Students visit nursing homes • Collect food for a local pantry • Americans give $300 billion per year to charity

34. National Programs • Peace Corps- Advises farmers, teaches children, starts small business, and fights serious diseases worldwide • AmeriCorps- Meets community needs, helps victims of natural disasters, cleans polluted rivers, and assists disabled people • Senior Corps- Volunteer opportunities form seniors • Foster Grandparents- help special need kids • Senior Companions- help other seniors at home • Retired and Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) • Connects seniors to volunteer opportunities in their own communities

35. Forms of Government Lesson 4 • Essential Question: Why do people create, structure, and change government? • It Matters Because • People form government to establish order, provide security, and accomplish common goals

36. Guiding Question: What is the purpose of Government? • Government- is the ruling authority for a community • Organization that has the power to make and carry out laws and decisions • The Importance of Government • Makes and enforces laws • Makes it possible for people to live together peacefully and productively • Protects from attacks fro other societies • Keep Order and Provide Security • Conflicts always arise • Government makes laws (Rules of conduct) • Laws serve to prevent conflicts between • Individuals, groups, or nations • Laws make it a crime to attack or harm another person • Laws protect people’s property

37. Government Provides Services • Government provides services that people would not otherwise get • Libraries, schools, hospitals, and parks • Repairs streets and bridges, collect garbage, deliver mail • Government agencies make sure products are safe • Food, medicines, cars, cribs • Government helps prevent spread of disease • Government helps the needy by giving: • Food, money, housing, healthcare, programs for the disabled

38. Functions of Government • Keep Order • Pass and enforce laws • Establish courts • Provide Services • Protect public health • Protect public safety • Provide public welfare • Provide Security • Establish armed forces • Protect citizens from foreign attack • Guide The Community • Develop public policy • Manage the economy • Conduct foreign relations

39. Guide the Community • Public Policy-the decisions and action a government takes to solve problems in the community • Governments have limited amounts of money • Formulate policy and plans for collecting and spending money • Handle relations with other countries • Trade, travel • Agreements to share resources • Agreements to help each other if attacked

40. Levels of Government • The United States has a federal system of government • Power is divided between the federal (national) government and state government • Local government serve towns, cities, and counties • Federal has the highest authority over its citizens • Makes and enforces laws for the entire country • States or local government cannot make laws that go against the national government • Federal government sets up citizenship rules

41. State Government • Each of the 50 states has it own government • They decide matters for the people in their state • Set marriage laws • Make schooling rules • Hold elections • Manage public health and safety • Build roads and bridges • Create laws as long as the laws don’t go against the national government • Local governments • Found in counties, cities, and towns • Provide schools, police, and fire departments, emergency medical services, and local courts

42. The Types of Government • Guiding Question: What are the types of government? • Nations have different ways of governing themselves • Democratic Government • Democracy began in the Greek city of Athens • Over 2,500 years ago – it was a direct democracy • All citizens meet and vote to decide what to do • Direct democracy is not practical anymore

43. Representative Democracy • Citizens choose a group of people to: • Represent them • Make laws • Govern on their behalf • United States has this form of government • Oldest representative democracy • Majority rules • Determined through elections

44. Two Kinds of Representative Democracy • Republic • Citizens have a role in choosing the person who will be the head of government • President • Constitutional Monarchy • Hereditary ruler- you inherit the position • The power is limited by a constitution • Limited ceremonial rule • Voters elect representatives to make laws • Representative choose a Prime Minister to head the government

45. Authoritarian Government • Regime-a government that is in power • In democratic regimes the people rule • Autocracy-in authoritarian regimes power is held by one person or a small group • Rule as you wish • Unlimited power • Monarchy- a government with a hereditary ruler • Absolute monarchs • Today King of Saudi Arabia, Emir of Qatar • Dictators- exercise complete control by use of force • Overthrow existing government and seize power • North Korea, Cuba

46. Totalitarian Rule • Many dictator for their people to accept totalitarian rule • Government controls almost all aspects of people’s lives • Totalitarian leaders ban any efforts to appose them • They take away individual freedoms • They force people to obey their ideology • They control the media • They rely on scare tactics and violence • Ideology- a body of ideas about life and society • Socialism- society controls all aspects of the economy, either directly or indirectly through the government