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Memory Codes

Memory Codes. Auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, olfactory, semantic, verbal (words). Sensory vs. STM. Sensory memory ICON – visual format or visual code ECHO – acoustic code Generally, code is the same as the sense E.g., Touch sensory memory  tacticle. Sensory vs. STM.

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Memory Codes

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  1. Memory Codes • Auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, olfactory, semantic, verbal (words)

  2. Sensory vs. STM • Sensory memory • ICON – visual format or visual code • ECHO – acoustic code • Generally, code is the same as the sense • E.g., Touch sensory memory  tacticle

  3. Sensory vs. STM • What is the code in STM? • Example study (Conrad, 1964) • Used the span task with letters (presented visually) • Very accurate, but occasionally make mistakes  he studied the mistakes (when people remember the wrong letter)

  4. Confusion mistakes (confusions) • When you remember the wrong letter, • The wrong letter could look like the letter you saw (visual confusion) • E.g., saw L  I • The wrong letter could sound like the letter you saw (acoustic confusion) • E.g., saw P  T

  5. Results • The vast majority of the mistakes were acoustic confusions • Conclusion  STM involves acoustic coding • More generally, acoustic coding is common in short-term memory

  6. Atkinson-Shiffrin model (1968) • Model of different memories, their codes, and the processes that access the memories • 3 kinds of memory: • Sensory memory • Short-term memory • Long-term memory

  7. Flow of memory • Stimulus from environment •  stimulus represented in sensory memory (small capacity, extremely brief duration, code is related to the sense [sensory modality]) •  stimulus represented in STM (limited capacity, duration up to about 30 seconds, primarily acoustic code)

  8. Flow (cont.) •  stimulus represented in LTM (infinite capacity [unlimited], infinite duration, variety of codes) • Aka, the “modal model” • See p. 83 for the diagram of this information processing model

  9. Another model of short-term memory • Emphasizes the “working” aspect of memory • Called the Working Memory Model (Baddeley, 1986) • Three components to short-term memory: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

  10. Phonological loop • Hold small amount of information in terms of the way it sounds (acoustic coding) • Phonological sounds come from your language • Acoustic = any sounds • Can hold about 2 seconds worth of phonological information at a time (like an audiotape) [capacity]

  11. Visuospatial sketchpad • Like a drawing tablet, with only so many things drawn at a time (limited capacity, visual code) • Holds not only the visual information (what things look like), but also how they are arranged (spatial information)

  12. Central executive • Monitors, keeps track of, arranges information, etc. within the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad • E.g., central executive involved in moving information from phonological loop to LTM • Also, converts information from one code to another

  13. Diagram of WM Model Phonological Loop VSS Central Executive

  14. Current state of A-S & WM Model • A-S: still most commonly accepted model of memory, including outside of cognitive psychology, and out into general public • WM: used outside of cognitive psychology, especially in neuropsychology or neuroscience

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