KEY CONCEPT Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.

1. KEY CONCEPT Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.

2. What have we learned about the relationship between predators and prey? Advantages: • provides food for predators • predators keep prey populations at just the right number so prey doesn't overcrowd and area and throw the ecosystem off • the constant need for evolution to better the chances of prey living and to better the chances of predators catching prey Disadvantages: • non native introduction of predators or the introduction of more can wipe out prey species

3. Prefixes: A brief detour • Auto- ? • Hetero- ? • Homo- ? • Photo- ? • Chemo- ? • Herbi- ? • Carni- ? • Omni- ? • Hydro- ?

4. Prefixes • Auto- Self • Hetero- Different • Homo- Same • Photo- Light • Chemo- Chemical • Herbi- Plants • Carni- Meat • Omni- All • Hydro- Water

5. An “Ecological System?” In the discipline of ecology, the word Ecosystem is an abbreviation of the term,ecologicalsystem – the basic unit in ecology. . SirArthur Tansley(1871-1955)

6. An “Ecological System?” Components of an Ecosystem: Biotic Components and Abiotic (non-living) Sir Arthur Tansley (1871-1955) Physical Components Water Nutrients Topography Weather Disturbances Species Populations Communities Competition and Predation

7. What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive? • One-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun (returned as low quality heat) • Cycling of matter or nutrients through parts of the biosphere (closed system applies; law of conservation of matter; time frame of seconds to centuries) • Gravity (maintains atmosphere, enables movement & cycling of air, water, nutrients)

8. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 20.1 – The Laws of Thermodynamics Govern Energy Flow. Energy exists in many forms, such as heat, light, chemical energy, and electrical energy. Energy is the ability to bring about change or to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of energy. Kinetic energy Entropy Entropy Potential energy

9. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter in the Universe remains constant, merely changing from one form to another. Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

11. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: "in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state." In energy transfer, some energy will dissipate as heat. The flow of energy maintains order of life. Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

12. - Scientists have studied many ecosystems and have concluded that this energy loss is a constant pattern. In fact, scientists have calculated that the percentage (%) of usable energy transferred from one organism to another is 10%. • !! – That means that 90% of energy is lost as heat!!! • So…. if producers captured 10,000 calories from the sun, then only bout 1,000 calories will be available to support primary consumers (herbivores), and only about 100 calories to support secondary consumers (carnivores or omnivores).

13. 10% LAW.. !! • In the Arctic, Eskimos hunt whales for food. Whales eat tons and tons of microscopic plankton. This plankton in turn eats microscopic algae. • It requires 1,000 units of energy (calories) of algae to produce 100 calories of plankton which is what a whale uses to produce 10 calories of blubber (fat) to its body. • Finally these 10 calories of whale blubber contains enough energy to give the Eskimo one calorie of energy.

14. Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Name three producers. • Producers get their energy from non-living resources. • Producers are also called autotrophs because they make their own food.

15. Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. • Consumers are organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources. Name 3 consumers. • Consumers are also called heterotrophs because they feed off of different things.

16. carbon dioxide + water + hydrogen sulfide + oxygen sugar + sulfuric acid Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight. If the producer doesn’t use sunlight, what might they use? • Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source. • Chemosynthesis in prokaryote producers uses chemicals as an energy source.

17. KEY CONCEPT Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

18. GRAMA GRASS DESERT COTTONTAIL HARRIS’S HAWK A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships. Why does “chain” fit this idea? • A food chain links species by their feeding relationships. • A food chain follows the connection between one producer and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem.

19. Create your own food chain • Beginning with a producer and including at least three organisms, give an example of a food chain.

20. carnivore decomposer • Herbivores eat only plants. • Carnivores eat only animals. • Omnivores eat both plants and animals. • Detritivores eat dead organic matter. • Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. • Consumers are not all alike.

21. Specialists are consumers that primarily eat one specific organism or a very small number of organisms. What other kinds of “specialists” do you know? • Generalists are consumers that have a varying diet.

22. Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. • Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. Name one example. • Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. Name one example. • Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains. • Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a food chain.

23. A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships. • An organism may have multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Give an example. • A food web emphasizes complicated feeding relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.

24. A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships.

25. Trophic Levels • Producers – autotrophs -Photosynthesis • Consumers – heterotrophs -Primary -Secondary -Third-level • Omnivores • Detritus feeders / Decomposers

26. 20 energy 10 consumer energy Producers energy Trophic Level = Feeding Level Trophic Levels - Just like a skyscraper has floors, or levels, an energy Pyramid has distinct levels, called TROPHIC LEVELS.

27. 4th Tr. Level 3rd Trophic Level 2nd Trophic Level 1st Trophic Level 1 calorie eskimos 10 calories whales 100 calories plankton 1000 calories algae A healthy ecosystem will always have the most energy available in the first trophic level.

28. Ecosystem Energetics - Energy Decreases in Each Successive Trophic Level.

30. carnivores herbivores producers Ecological pyramids • The standing crop, productivity, number of organisms, etc. of an ecosystem can be conveniently depicted using “pyramids”, where the size of each compartment represents the amount of the item in each trophic level of a food chain. Note that the complexities of the interactions in a food web are not shown in a pyramid; but, pyramids are often useful conceptual devices--they give one a sense of the overall form of the trophic structure of an ecosystem.

31. carnivores herbivores producers Pyramid of energy • A pyramid of energy depicts the energy flow, or productivity, of each trophic level. • Due to the Laws of Thermodynamics, each higher level must be smaller than lower levels, due to loss of some energy as heat (via respiration) within each level.

32. Pyramids of Energy Suggests: • The number of trophic levels are limited. At each trophic level, there is a dramatic reduction in energy. • Eating at lower trophic levels means more resources available. • Movement up the pyramid explains the problems of Biological Magnification (DDT, PCBs, etc.)

34. REVIEW: What are Food Chains and Food Webs How energy moves in an ecosystem OR who eats who!? ;)

35. What is a Food Chain? • Food Chain: A food chain shows one path of how energy moves through an ecosystem What is a Food Web? • Food Web: A food web shows many paths of how energy moves through an ecosystem. A food web is made up of many different food chains.

36. FOOD CHAIN

37. F O O D W E B

38. Primary productivity • Primary productivity is the rate of energy capture by producers.= the amount of new biomass of producers, per unit time and space

39. Gross primary production (GPP) = total amount of energy captured • Net primary production (NPP) = GPP - respiration • Net primary production is thus the amount of energy stored by the producers and potentially available to consumers and decomposers.

40. Secondary productivity is the rate of production of new biomass by consumers, i.e., the rate at which consumers convert organic material into new biomass of consumers.

41. CONCLUSION • Energy flow follows the second law of thermodynamics • Biomass decreases with increasing trophic level • Ecological efficiency – typically 10% Food Web Activity

42. KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.

43. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation surface runoff lake water storage in ocean groundwater seepage Water cycles through the environment. Explain how. • The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. • Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water.

44. Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems. Name one. • A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem.

45. carbon dioxide in air respiration combustion photosynthesis respiration photosynthesis decomposition of organisms carbon dioxide dissolved in water fossil fuels • The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere. • Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. • Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks. • Carbon is the building block of life. Why do we call it that?

46. oxygen photosynthesis respiration carbon dioxide • Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients.

47. rain geologic uplifting weathering of phosphate from rocks runoff plants animals phosphate in soil phosphate in solution leaching sedimentation forms new rocks decomposers • Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. • Phosphorus moves through the food web and returns to the soil duringdecomposition. • The phosphorus cycle takes place at and below ground level. • Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. • Both mining and agriculture add phosphorus into the environment.

48. nitrogen in atmosphere animals plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots decomposers nitrifying bacteria ammonification nitrites nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria • Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. • Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live innodules on theroots of plants;others livefreely inthe soil. • The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground.

49. nitrogen in atmosphere animals plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots decomposers nitrifying bacteria ammonification nitrites nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria • Nitrogen moves through the foodweb and returnsto the soil duringdecomposition.

50. How do the activities of a keystone species affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem? • A. They increase biodiversity. • B. They decrease biodiversity. • C. They have no effect on biodiversity. • D. Biodiversity remains the same but the species change.