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A Nation, at last! Or not? Italy and the Liberal State

A Nation, at last! Or not? Italy and the Liberal State. In 1870:. 1. Italy is a united Nation. 2. Rome is the capital of Italy. 3. The Constitution of Italy is the Statuto Albertino , drafted in 1848 by the king of Piemonte Carlo Alberto. Italy can be defined a Liberal State WHY?.

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A Nation, at last! Or not? Italy and the Liberal State

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  1. A Nation, at last!Or not? Italy and the Liberal State

  2. In 1870: 1. Italy is a united Nation 2. Rome is the capital of Italy 3. The Constitution of Italy is the Statuto Albertino, drafted in 1848 by the king of Piemonte Carlo Alberto

  3. Italy can be defined a Liberal StateWHY?

  4. Italy is a State whose objectives are: 1. defense of liberty and inviolable rights of citizens 2. Constitution that recognizes and grants fundamental rights 3. State’s sovereignty controlled by the three powersLegislative, Executive and Judicial

  5. The Liberal State is not an absolutist Monarchy,nor a DemocracyWHY? The Power of the king comes not from divine will (absolutist monarchy), nor from the People (democracy) It depends on the NATION

  6. The Liberal State in Italy has many problems: A. In Foreign Politics: 1. Occupation of Rome 2. Difficult relation with Great European Nations 3. A unique foreign politics

  7. B. Internal politics: 1. Italy is not a State, but it is not a Nation 2. Education 3. Justice 4. Communications 5. Public offices 6. Taxation system 7. Army 8. The Brigantaggio 9. Economy, a huge difference between North and South

  8. Education • Before the Unification Wealthy families: Private education Poor families: No education Case di custodia ENLIGHTENMENT , second half of the 18th century Necessity of a public education - the school becomes school system The role of the Church is fundamental

  9. Education • Before the Unification The 19th Century marks another turning point Social Justice, education as public good, people needs representation Big differences of the school system all over Italy

  10. Education • After the Unification The necessity of a national school system The LEGGE CASATI, since 1860 Elementary school: 2+2 All the expenses were sustained by the Communes School registry did not exist The Communes had not enough money Illiteracy rate was at the 80% in 1861! 1876: LEGGE COPPINO, school is mandatory for 6 years Differences between North and South

  11. Justice • Before the Unification and after: Statuto Albertino The Judicial Power is given off by the king All the Judges are elected by the king The king can give pardon Before the Unification the Judges could be removed at any moment After the Unification the Judges were adamant after three years in office All the trials had to be published in order to be known by everyone

  12. Communications • Before 1861 The first train was inaugurated in the Kingdom of the two Sicilies: 1839, Napoli-Portici, 7 km In the rest of Italy the first train was Milano-Monza (12 km) in 1840

  13. Communications • In 1861 • Two main difficulties: • The morphology of Italy, too many mountains • The politics, many States with their own transportation systems Italy was in practice a Country with no railways, just 1,900 km At the end of the 1800’s the total of railways was of 20,000 km The most of the investments were in the Center and the North

  14. Taxation system and economy • Before the Unification The economy of all the States in the 1800’s was based on the Primary In the South, the production of iron was prestigious Direct and indirect taxes, especially on trade

  15. Taxation system and economy • After the Unification Two systems too different Industrial revolution, too late The South was cut out from the new model of development The political strategy will be disastrous

  16. Brigantaggio • A civil war? Very different opinions Highway robbery and plunder The Brigante/brigand usually lives in a gang and lives by pillage and robbery During the besiege of Gaeta, some briganti operated against the Piedmontese

  17. Brigantaggio • The Chronology 1861-1866 • The Causes • Misery, social unrest, great disappointment after the Mille experience • No land to peasant (Garibaldi had promised it) • The Burbons’ Army had been disbanded, thousands of unemployed • The war had stopped industry and agriculture in the South • Hard taxation (Piedmont needed money): 10 new taxes were introduced • Compulsory military service (40,000 deserted)

  18. Brigantaggio 1863: Pica Legislation Italy, just born was already divided This legislation caused more victims than the whole Risorgimento

  19. Brigantaggio • The repression 1861: 20,000 bersaglieri were sent to the South The year after, they were more than 50,000, one year after: more than 100,000 8.964 executed, 10.604 wounded, 6.112 prisoners, 64 priests killed, 22 friars killed, 60 boys killed (under 16), 50 women killed, 13.529 arrested, 918 burned houses, 6 villages razed to the ground, 3.000 families searched, 12 churches pillaged, 1.428 communes considered conniving Sept, 1860-Aug 1861

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