English Settlement and Colonization in the 17th Century: Mercantilism, Trans-Atlantic Trade, and Southern Development

1. SSUSH1 Compare and contrast the development of English settlement and colonization during the 17th century.

2. SSUSH1a: Investigate how mercantilism and trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of colonies.

3. England’s Colonization of the Americas: Financial concerns: created the colonies to generate wealth and power in England (the mother country) Created the economic theory of mercantilism to acquire more territory in order to develop more industries and create more manufactured goods for exporting to rival nations

4. Mercantilism: • This theory held that Earth had a limited supply of wealth in the form of natural resources, especially gold & silver, so the best way to become a stronger nation was to acquire the most wealth. • Because the world’s wealth was thought to be limited, the more one country had, the less any other country could have. • Consequently, as a nation became stronger & wealthier, its enemies became poorer & weaker. (selling more than you purchase)

5. Mercantilism: • Mercantilism inspired the British government to view its American colonies as sources of wealth that would make Britain wealthier & stronger. • The more land the British could colonize in America, the less land in the New World there would be for France & other European countries. • The more American goods the British could sell to other countries, the more powerful Great Britain would get.

6. Mercantilism: • Mercantilism also inspired Parliament to pass the Navigation Acts to obtain more sailors, ships, and trade. • Navigation Acts: 1. Only English ships with English sailors could trade with English colonies. 2. Valuable colonial goods (tobacco & sugar) could only be shipped to England. 3. Colonies had to import all European goods through an English port, where they had to pay money • These restrictions were designed to keep the colonies from competing against Britain. • Some Americans responded by becoming smugglers.

7. Trans-Atlantic Trade

8. Trans-Atlantic Trade: Pattern of trade developed that connected England, its colonies, and West Africa British ships loaded with manufactured goods sailed to West Africa where they sold goods (guns and cloth) in exchange for enslaved Africans. Middle Passage: carried slaves to the American colonies. British traders sold slaves for colonial raw materials (sugar, timber, tobacco) to take back to England.

9. Growth of Colonies: • Most immigration to the English colonies came from England—about half were indentured servants (poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for four to seven years) • Did not receive a wage, instead got food, clothing, and shelter • At the end of their term, they were released of their servitude

10. SSUSH1b: Explain the development of the Southern Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.

11. Southern Colonies:

12. Southern—reasons for establishment: Promoters of English colonies were wealthy gentlemen Wanted to increase the power of England Wealthy gentlemen wanted to advance their fortunes Solve problems: *growing population *increased poverty due to bad economy Ship poor people over to work

13. Southern—development Virginia Company (made up of merchants) looked at the Southern Colonies as free land Headright system House of Burgesses Royal Colony

14. Labor in Virginia Southern Colonies: • settlement was encouraged by “headright system”: gave 50 acres of land to any settler who came to VA • encouraged wealthy to bring over more indentured servants • Indentured servants work for a set number of years to repay the person who paid for them to come to the colonies • 1619 first Africans arrive, most likely as indentured servants

15. Southern—Virginia • Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the New World. • Created by the Virginia Company, an English firm that planned to make money by sending people to America to find gold & other valuable natural resources & then ship the resources back to England. • The Virginia Company established a legislative assembly that was similar to England’s Parliament, called the House of Burgesses. • The House of Burgesses was the first European-type legislative body in the New World & the first representative legislative body in the New World.

16. Impact of Location/Place: Chesapeake Bay: harbors, rivers, fertile lands Jamestown, VA: surrounding swamps provided protection; mosquitos/malaria/disease/death common John Rolfe: tobacco (saved Jamestown); needed long, hot, and humid growing season Easy access to waterways & trans-Atlantic trade allowed colonies to prosper

17. Impact of Location/Place: • Geographic features of land encouraged creation of large farms/plantations to cultivate cash crops/ tobacco • Colonists main trading partner “Mother” country/England so plantations located near rivers to transport cash crops to England • Religious hypocrisy led to view of slavery as good for “savages” • Economic greed led to view of slavery as necessary

18. Southern—Impacts • People were sent from England to work for the Virginia Company. • They discovered no gold but learned how to cultivate tobacco. • Tobacco quickly became a major cash crop & an important source of wealth in Virginia. • It also helped to create major social & economic divisions between those who owned land & those who did not. • Additionally, tobacco cultivation was labor-intensive, & the Virginia colony’s economy became highly dependent on slavery.

19. Southern--Relations with Native Americans: Tobacco farms expanded into Indian land Wars: *1609: Englandcaptured Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas *1622: Algonquin Indians burned plantations & killed colonists *1644: intense fighting, colonists numbers surged, many Native Americans fled

20. Southern—Economic developments Bacon’s Rebellion Tobacco Maryland-Catholics Georgia-haven for English debtors, did not drink or own slaves

21. Bacon’s Rebellion: • Poor English and slave colonists staged an uprising against the governor & his landowning supporters. • In what is called Bacon’s Rebellion, the landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native Americans so more land would be available to the colonists. • The rebellion was put down, & the Virginia House of Burgesses passed laws to regulate slavery so poor white colonists would no longer side with slaves against rich white colonists.

22. SSUSH1c: Explain the development of the New England Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.

23. New England Colonies:

24. New England—reasons for establishment: Religion: Puritans were being persecuted in England for their religion and disagreed with the established church Puritans came from all different levels of society, most belonging to small-property holders As a result of strict religious beliefs, the Puritans were not tolerant of religious beliefs that differed from their own.

25. New England—development: Massachusetts Bay Colony: settlers created a republic, Puritan men met and elected their officials (radical view) New Hampshire & Maine: Puritans settled with Anglicans Rhode Island: haven for people who were religiously tolerant (Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson)

26. New England—development: • As more & more children were born in America, many grew up to be adults who lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with God, the central feature of Puritanism. • In response, Puritan ministers encouraged a “Half-way Covenant” to allow partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of the original Puritans.

27. New England—development: • In the 1690s, the famous Salem witch trials took place. • In a series of court hearings,over 150 Massachusetts colonists accused of witchcraft were tried, 29 of which were convicted & 19 hanged. • At least six more people died in prison. • Causes of the Salem witch trials included extreme religious faith, stress from a growing population & its bad relations with Native Americans, & the narrow opportunities for women & girls to participate in Puritan society.

28. New England—relations with Native Americans • King Phillip’s War (1675–1676) was an early and bloody conflict between Englishcolonists & Native Americans. • It was named after the leader of the Native Americans. • King Phillip’s Native American name was Metacom. • Many colonists died in the war, but it caused such a heavy loss of life among the Native American population that large areas of southern New England became English settlements.

29. New England--Location and Place: • Geographic features of land encouraged creation of small family farms [No need for slaves] • Establishment of churches and towns built around church congregations • Colonists had little to trade to “Mother” country/England so precedent of illegal trading/smuggling common in New England – precedent of commerce and business • Religious intolerance led to creation of other colonies • Religious sentiment led to view of slavery as evil

30. New England—economic development: • Land of forests, rolling hills, and a short growing season • Demanded hard labor to farm and offered little promise of getting rich • Trade and commerce would later bring prosperity to New England.

31. DO NOW: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING REVIEW QUESTIONS ON THE BACK OF NOTES-TRY NOT TO USE NOTES. (10 MINS) Who established New England? Why is Rhode Island important? Who fought in King Philip’s War? What was the first permanent English settlement?

32. SSUSH1d: Explain the development of the Mid-Atlantic Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.

33. Mid-Atlantic Colonies:

34. Mid-Atlantic—reasons for establishment: New Amsterdam (later New York): founded by the Dutch; had the greatest harbor on the Atlantic coast New Jersey: settle by Puritans Pennsylvania: founded by William Penn; a Quaker who believed in religious tolerance

35. Mid-Atlantic—development: • New York: A diverse population kept alive this center of trade & commerce founded by the Dutch, whom the British invited to remain there. • The Dutch were the first to introduce Africans to the colonies • With members of various British & Dutch churches, New York also tolerated different religions.

36. Mid-AtlanticColonies—impact of location/place: • New York’s convenient location along water trade routes allowed farmers to easily ship wheat & other agricultural goods to markets in America & in Europe, as well as to import manufactured goods from markets abroad. • This allowed New York to grow into a major commercial hub & one of the biggest cities in the British colonies.

37. Mid-Atlantic--Location and Place: • Geographic features of land encouraged creation of wheat farms • Colonists main trading partner other colonies and then Mother England – need for infrastructure to bring goods to eastern/southern colonies • Proximity to Native Americans led to peaceful coexistence between colonists and American Indians • Tolerance was a key characteristic in Philadelphia and New York – led to diversity of cultures

38. Mid-Atlantic—relations with Native Americans: • Treatment of Native Americans was fair and respectful. • Colonists paid fair prices for Indian land, traded with them, and honored their beliefs/traditions.

39. 3-2-1 3: List 3 things you learned today 2: List 2 questions that you still have 1: Name the most important thing you learned today TURN IN WHEN COMPLETED!