MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1910-1940

1. MEXICAN REVOLUTION1910-1940

2. PORFIRIATO REGIME • GEN PORFIRIO DIAZ-COUP-1876-1911 • Oligarchy • Pan o pal • Leyfuga • OBJECTIVE-economic development through foreign investment • Spoils to all opponents-all but poor and lower classes

3. PORFIORI’S RURALES • MILITIA/HITMEN • Suppressed peasant unrest and labor strikes • Opposition who refused-bullied or killed • Gov. budget increased 900% • Catholic church complicit-repealed anticlerical laws so church ignored Diaz actions

4. GOAL IMPEDIMENTS • Diversity of land and population • 37 states • Diverse topography and growing seasons • 5m Indian in villages • 4.5 m haciendas • 75% pop worked land but couldn’t produce enough food

5. Revolutionary fodder • 17 people controlled 20% land • 3,000 families owned 50% country • By 1911-Mexico-3rd largest oil producers • 90% industry owned by foreigners • 150m/485 acres foreign owned • Indian land 25%-2% • Croniegovernment jobs • Diaz old and weak

6. NO REVOLUTION WITHOUT RR • Linked to US border

7. More fodder • 1907 US recession-Mexican crisis • Bad harvests-no food-no income • Urban wages decreased • Diaz allocate nothing to relief • Diaz announced would not run again in 1910-opposition began • Diaz re-elected despite pledge

8. FRANCISCO MADERO • The Presidential Succession of 1910 • Anti-Diaz Re-election Party • Plan of San Luis Potosi-election of 1910 void-declared himself legitimate president • Armed rebellion-Nov. 20th, 1910

9. Enter Pancho Villa • Madero returns from Texas, praises Villa to encourage him to ally with Madero. • Revolution in • Chihuahua created domino effect-18 states by April 1911 • Diaz unwittingly allowed national movement to begin

11. Emiliano Zapata • Led revolution in Morelos • Conflict between small farmers and large sugarcane plantation owners • 1910-Morales 3rd largest sugarcane producer in world behind Hawaii and Puerto Rico. • US tariff devastated area. Growers cut production. Small farmers faced with selling land to large plantations and becoming peons. • Battle cry-”it’s better to die on your feet than live on your knees!”

12. By 1911-Zapata controlled Morelos. Madero declared Zapata his representative. • Villa and Orozco captured Ciudad Juarez. Rebels found guns! • Treaty of Ciudad Juarez-Diaz agreed to election in fall.

13. Primary cause of revolution • Agrarian [farmer’s grievances]. • Zapatismo-class conflict • Orozco and Villa-fought for local self-determination.

14. Diaz-Madero • Madero- “The people of Mexico do not want bread, they want freedom”! • Madero’s strategical errors: • 1. put his regime in hands of regular army • 2. allowed Diaz foreign minister to remain as interim president until elections-second guessed

15. Zapata-Plan of Ayala • Proposals for land reform • Land illegally seized would be returned to independent owners. • Madero couldn’t solve land reform problems because it conflicted with social order. • Madero believed in order first.

16. Zapata’s rebellion in the south • 1912-zapata’s supplies low so began making haciendos pay for costs of campaigns or burned down haciendas. • Unemployed workers then joined HIS army. • He hated Orozco so Villa supported Madero.

17. Revolution was a class struggle • Conservatives-hacienda and old Diaz system • Madero-middle class • Orozco-poor

18. Villa and Huerta • Villa put under command of Victoriano Huerta after losing city of Parral to Orozco. Madero had to depend on Mexican military. • Huerta cruel, murderous authoritarian mestizo . • Workers demands • Peons demands

19. Madero displaced by coup • Peons mad • Oligarchy mad • Coup led by Felix Diaz and Gen. Reyes on 2/19/1913 • La decenatragica • Huerta killed Madero and VP • Created a martyr and cause/angered W. Wilson

20. Revolt against Huerta • Led by Carranza • Plan of Guadalupe-overthrow of Huerta • Villa upset by Maderos’ murder • Made hacienda owners an offer they couldn’t refuse • Goal-regional government • Villa protected US property-so gained US support. Became ruler of Chihuahua in Battle of Tierra Blancha.

21. Carranza jealous of Villa’s rule • Carranza jealous of -Supported Alvaro Obregon • Rich were intimidated, poor empowered. Catholic church lost status –anticleric laws

22. Huerta could have had it all. . . • BUT murdered a senator-rigged elections- • US turned against him • Lifted embargo on sale of arms to rebels • 4/14/1914-Huerta’s forces arrested American landing party-Wilson ordered port of Vera Cruz seized.

23. Defeat at Zacatecas • Villa seized the city-Huerta defeated and done • Carranza and Villa jockeyed for power • Huerta in exile-8/12/1914 • Villa supports Zapata

24. Constitutional Convention at Aguascalientes • Of big four- • Carranza, Obregon, Villa and Zapata, only Obregon attended. • Convention- • Agreed to Plan of Ayala • Dismissed Carranza • Appointed Villa-Gen. in Chief • Villa couldn’t wait, sent in his troops

25. Zapata’s woes • Alliance with Villa muddied goals • Villa-political • Zapata-social • Alliance short lived, both abdicated

26. Mexico under Carranza • Acquiesced to US intervention-Wilson ordered Pershing into Mexico to arrest Villa. • Appeared war US-Mexico was imminent • Feb. 1917-last US soldier left Mexico • 6 years of war left Mexico in chaos

27. Carranza consolidates power • New constitution 1917, -increase power of Pres. • Abolishes property rights and delegitimizimes the Catholic Church • Villa reappears to lead rebels-allowed rape and execution of women • Obregon declared himself a candidate • Carranza attempted to have him arrested-Obregon had him killed • Obregon grated Villa amnesty-Revolution over

28. Impact • August 1923-US recognized Obregon ‘s gov. as official. • Death toll 350,000-1,000,000,000 • All leaders died • Forces-capitalists-agrarian, others • Old elites lost power-replaced by new elites • Catholic Church lost power • Poor no better off

29. Mexico under Calles 1924-1934 • Promote capitalism • Bank of Mexico • Land distribution • Anti-clerical laws