Entry 42 11/12

1. Entry 42 11/12 Draw each structure Identify the Chromatin, Chromatid, and Chromosome C A B Nuclear Membrane

2. Sexual reproduction Fertilization Sexual:two sources of genetic material, makes four haploid sex cells (gametes) Gametes: sperm and egg Advantages: genetic variation, Disadvantages: requires more time for mating, risk of unfavorable genetic combinations

3. Meiosis:Requires 2 divisions: Phases the same as Mitosis • Meiosis II • (2nd division): Reduces the genetic material • Result: 4 genetically different haploid cells- these cells are GAMETES (sex cells- egg and sperm) Meiosis Animation • Meiosis I (1st division): • Reduces the chromosome number; • Result: 2 genetically different daughter cells • (1n) 23 chromsomes but are still doubled)

4. The entire process of Meiosis

5. Meiosis allows for lots of variation (differences) • Variation as a result of: • Crossing Over: a part of one chromosome can switch places with the same part another homologous chromosome . • Random Assortment: of chromosomes allows a mix of chromosomes from both parents • Random Fertilization : of any egg by any sperm allows for lots of variation

6. Meiosis Square Dance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCL6d0OwKt8&feature=related

7. Problems with Meiosis: Karyotype- a picture of the chromosomes • Mutations: changes in the DNA before meiosis or mitosis begins • Nondisjunction: homologous chromosomes do not separate resulting in one too many or one too few chromosomes • Ex. Down syndrome : trisomy 21 • Nondisjunction Animation

8. Nondisjunction

9. Comparison of mitosis and Meiosis

10. Meiosis Summary • Include the following words in a summary: • Meiosis, • sexual reproduction • homologous chromosomes • diploid parent cell • haploid daughter cells • 4 gametes • crossing-over • genetic recombination • Variation

11. Ticket Out the Door Word Bank Traits Asexual Sexual Two Four Diploid Mitosis Crossing over Interphase Haploid The number of cells produced as a result of meiosis is ________. Homologous chromosomes code for same ________. Meiosis is used for _________ reproduction. The process that allows for genetic variation is called _________ during meiosis. During meiosis the chromosome number must be reduced by half, creating a ________ cell

12. Entry 43 11/13 • Pick up the crossing over handout on the front demo table. • We will complete with a partner and then paste in the journal under entry 43

13. Ticket out the door 1. How many cells are produced as a result of Meiosis? 2. If a parent cell has 4 chromosomes and goes through MEIOSIS, how many chromosomes would the daughter cells contain? 3. Meiosis is used for (sexual or asexual) reproduction? 4. EXPLAIN the process of crossing-over.

14. Entry 40 4/16 Original DNA: TTT GAC CCA Mutated DNA: TTT GAG CCC A • Describe the type of mutation that occurred. • How will this effect the amino acids?

15. The study of heredity, transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring. Unit 6.2 Genetics and Inheritance

16. Entry 44 11/14 Copy the vocabulary in your journal Genotype vs. Phenotype • Genotype is the genetic makeup (AA, Aa, or aa) • Phenotype is the physical trait, a result of the genotype Allele For any trait, such as hair color, there are different forms of the protein that create the different hair colors. Each different form is called an allele. We use capital letters to represent dominant alleles and lower case letters to represent the recessive alleles.

17. Agenda • Notes • Human Characteristic Handout • Mendel, Meiosis, & Peas Activity • Bio Apps 6.1 DUE TOMORROW • QUIZ ON MEIOSIS AND MENDEL TOMORROW

18. A. The Father of Genetics: • Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics. • He studied pea plants, because they were easy to observe and reproduce. • Knowing that the male part of the plant produced sperm, and that the female part produced the egg, he was able to join the two reproductive cells. This is called fertilization.

19. B. Inheritance of chromosomes • Egg + sperm  zygote (earliest stage of development) (meiosis)  (fertilization)  (mitosis and development) zygote fertilization egg meiosis mitosis &development sperm

20. B. Inheritance of Chromosomes • Chromosomes exist in pairs, one from sperm and one from egg. Known as homologous pairs • A section of DNA within the chromosome that contains the info to make proteins called a gene. Genes determine our traits. • A trait is any physical or physiological characteristics. • Ex: eye color, blood type

21. We will all receive the same type of genes but we can get different versions of a gene called an Allele. • Ex: Gene: thumb type. Alleles: Hitchhikers thumb or straight thumb. • Alleles are represented by letters. A dominant allele is written with a capital. A recessive allele is written with a lowercase. • Ex: Hitchhikers thumb (A) or straight thumb (a). • *Dominant genes masks/hides recessive.

22. Genotype describes the 2 alleles you received from mom and dad. • Homozygous means you received identical copies (purebred) • AA – homozygous dominant • aa - homozygous recessive • Heterozygous means you got one dominant and one recessive (hybrid); Aa. • 2 people can have the same appearance but have different genetics: AAvsAa. • Phenotype describes how the alleles are portrayed or look physically.

23. Mendel’s Pea assignment • Use Mozilla Firefox to complete assignment

24. Ticket out the Door 1&2 - Identify which picture below represents the phenotype and which represents the genotype? • Match the following… • 3. ____ Heterozygous A.) BB • 4. ____ Homozygous Dominant B.) Bb • 5. ____ Homozygous Recessive C. ) bb Picture A Picture B BB

25. From gene to protein protein transcription translation

26. Entry 42 4/18 1&2 - Identify which picture below represents the phenotype and which represents the genotype? • Match the following… • 3. ____ Heterozygous A.) BB • 4. ____ Homozygous Dominant B.) Bb • 5. ____ Homozygous Recessive C. ) bb Picture A Picture B BB

27. D. Mendel’s Three Principles • 1. Principle of Dominance: dominant alleles can mask/ hide recessive alleles

28. D. Mendel’s Principles • 2. Principle of Segregation: during meiosis the alleles separate so each parent can only pass on one allele per trait. We get half of our genes from each parent.

29. D. Mendel’s Principles 3. Principle of Independent Assortment: genes on separate chromosomes are passed on independently (randomly) from one another.

30. E. Genetic Probability • Punnett squares are used to predict the outcome of fertilization between the gametes. • The sides of the Punnett square are labeled with the genotype from each parent (sperm and egg). • Monohybrid Cross- involves only 1 trait. • Dihybrid Cross- involves 2 traits.

31. Mother H h Mendelian Genetics Ex: Huntington’s disease breaks down the nervous system. It is a dominant trait. If a heterozygous woman marries a man without Huntington's what is the chance their kids will have the disease? _______% • What is the phenotypic ratio (compare the result of the genes)? • What is the genotypic ratio (compare the genetic combinations)? Father ? ?

32. Ticket out the door • A genetic engineer is going to cross two watermelon plants to produce seeds for a spring planting. He is breeding for size, and wants to have as many watermelons with the phenotype for long shape as possible. In watermelons, the allele for short shape (R) is dominant to the allele for long shape (r). Would crossing a watermelon homozygous recessive for the trait with a watermelon heterozygous for the trait give the most long watermelons possible? Explain your answer using Punnett Squares

33. A genetic engineer is going to cross two watermelon plants to produce seeds for a spring planting. He is breeding for size, and wants to have as many watermelons with the phenotype for long shape as possible. In watermelons, the allele for short shape (R) is dominant to the allele for long shape (r). Would crossing a watermelon homozygous recessive for the trait with a watermelon heterozygous for the trait give the most long watermelons possible? Explain your answer using Punnett Squares

34. Genetics Group Practice- 10 punnett squares • Draw a card from the gene stack and one from the parent stack • Complete the cross by doing a punnett square (alleles are already assigned, see your instruction sheet) • Complete the Genotype and phenotype ratios • Write what the children will look like: • 25% blond hair • 75% brown hair

35. Entry 43 4/19 Pick up the assignment on LAB STATION 1 Complete Paste in Journal

36. Entry 45 11/18 • In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). A plant that is homozygous for red fruit is crossed with a plant that has yellow fruit. What would be the genotype and phenotype of the P1 generation and the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the F1 generation? • If two of the F1 generation from the above cross were mated, what would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2?

37. Lockdown procedure • Dr. Henage’s kids will report to Classroom to the right of the smartboard • Mrs. Wells-Lewis kids will report to C143 (left of smartboard)

38. Agenda… • Notes • Practice sheet (will go over together) • Activity (you will complete with a partner) • THURSDAY YOU WILL HAVE A TEST ON GENETICS • Bio Apps will be due Thursday • Ticket out the Door

39. 5 types Non-Mendelian Inheritance • These traits are NOT just dominant or recessive, there for they do not follow the Mendelian genetics.

40. 1.Codominance: Both alleles are equally dominant and will be expressed (in heterozygote). • Phenotype: both versions of the trait show in the heterozygote • Genotype: use 2 different letters. • Ex: Sickle Cell Anemia is a codominant disorder. This means that you will have normal disk shaped cells (N), and sickle shaped cells (S). • 3 Possibilities: * Heterozygous genotype is resistant to malaria.*

41. 2. Incomplete Dominance- neither allele is completely dominant to mask the other. • Phenotype: the heterozygote results in a blended phenotype. • Genotype: Capital letters for both alleles and use a prime (‘) symbol. • Ex: In humans this happens in the genes for curly hair. H= curly, H’= straight. So…

42. Ticket Out the Door • If feather color in a species of birds is codominant, cross a white bird with a black and white spotted bird. List all possible phenotypes. • If fur color is incompletely dominant, cross a gray fur dog with a black dog. List all possible phenotypes.

43. Entry 46 11/19 • Pick up practice problems on Book Case complete and paste/tape into journal. (Incomplete/Codominant Probs.)

44. Agenda • Complete the introduction to Blood types on page 23 in your packet. • Notes • Practice Problems • Bio Apps 6.2 Due Thursday • Test on 6.2 Thursday

45. 3. Multiple Alleles: more than two alleles exist for a trait • Blood Types: A, AB, B, O

46. 4. Sex-linked Traits: Are you colorblind??

47. 4. Sex-Linked: trait found on the X sex chromosome.Hemophilia and Color blindness are recessive disorders. • Phenotype: • Female – less likely but can express a sex-linked trait • Male –express sex-linked traits more often because they have only one X sex chromosomes

48. 5. Polygenetic- Traits that depend on many genes and create a range of phenotypes. • NO PUNNETT SQUARE can be used. • Instead these traits can be graphed using a bell-shaped curve. There is a wide range of differences. • Ex. Height, skin color, weight

49. You have been given one blood sample to test. • Follow the directions on the sheet to test your sample. • Record your results on your answer sheet. • Record Results on Board- Type of Sample (ex: suspect #1) and your results

50. Ticket Out the Door • 1. A sex-linked trait is found on the __ chromosome. • 2. Cross a mom with type AB blood with a dad who is type O. List all possible phenotypes.