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People’s of the book

People’s of the book. Major Religions of the World ( Ranked by Number of Adherents). 1) Christianity : 2.1 billion 2) Islam : 1.3 billion 3) Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist : 1.1 billion 4) Hinduism : 900 million 5) Chinese traditional religion : 394 million

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People’s of the book

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  1. People’s of the book

  2. Major Religions of the World(Ranked by Number of Adherents) • 1) Christianity: 2.1 billion • 2) Islam: 1.3 billion • 3) Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: 1.1 billion • 4) Hinduism: 900 million • 5) Chinese traditional religion: 394 million • 6) Buddhism: 376 million • 9) Sikhism: 23 million • 12) Judaism: 15 million

  3. America “The Great Melting Pot” • It has been said that the U.S. is “the great melting pot” for the people of the world • The “melting pot” would not be complete unless it included all the religions of the masses that make up our country’s population

  4. Judaism15 Million Devotees The Star of David & The Menorah (Represents the 7-day week & the Sabbath)

  5. Judaism • Religious culture of the Jewish People • One of the world's oldest religions (Year 5,766) • 12th largest religion in the world today • Cultural system of Jewish law, custom & practice of the whole individual & community • Believes that everyone is under God's rule • Oldest of 3 main monotheistic (‘1 god’) religions • Shares many beliefs with other 2, Islam & Christianity • Believes that all things were designed to have meaning & purpose as part of a divine order

  6. Famous Jews • Abraham • Moses • King David & his son King Solomon • Mary (mother of Jesus) • John the Baptist • Jesus • The Twelve • The Apostle Paul • The entire early Christian Church

  7. Where are they? • 15 million Jews throughout the world (Mostly in the U.S., Israel & former USSR) • Jews makes up 83% of Israel’s population • More Jews live in the U.S. than in Israel!

  8. Major Branches of Judaism • Conservative – 4.5 million • Unaffiliated & Secular – 4.5 million • Reform – 3.75 million • Orthodox – 2 million • Most Jews today do not strictly hold to the Law • Many of Israel's Jews are nonobservant and either nonreligious or even agnostic / atheist • Religious Jews are in the minority in Israel

  9. Monotheism • There is only one God, YHWH • Originally Judaism was much different than the majority of ancient polytheistic religions. (An important statement of Jewish Theology.) • Parented the other two main monotheistic religions: Islam & Christianity

  10. Land of Canaan/Promised Land • God promised Abraham that his descendants would inherit this land forever • When it was lost it was a devastating blow to people’s faith Many believe that God was behind giving the land back to the Jews in this century (1948)

  11. Land of Canaan/Promised Land • Israel – God’s Chosen People – The Jewish nation Abraham fathered has always believed themselves to be God’s only chosen people. (Jewish vs. Gentile perspective.) • The Law – 613 total commandments the Jews were to obey. Today only Orthodox Jews attempt to obey them all. (The rest pick & choose which portions are applicable to them.)

  12. The Sabbath • Begins at sunset each Friday, ends the same time the next day • Considered the most important Jewish festival • Originally ordained by God to be a holy day of rest where work was forbidden • Few things are specifically forbidden in the Bible (Numbers 15:32-36 - Gathering kindling is forbidden under pain of death.) • Most of the rules are found in the Mishnah of 200AD, and are quite detailed & restrictive.

  13. The Synagogue • Place of Jewish communal worship • Most Jews are members of a Synagogue although that does not mean that they regularly attend • Mainly a place for reading scripture & prayer • Since 70AD (Destruction of the Temple), this has been the center of both religious & cultural life

  14. The Temple • Originally built by Solomon approx. 950 BC and rebuilt last by King Herod • Two most significant events in Jewish history are the destruction of the temples: 586BC by the Babylonians & 70AD by the Romans • While the temple has not existed for 1900 years it is still a very relevant topic • Many Jews believe that God will allow for the temple to be rebuilt again, now that they have returned to the Holy land

  15. However, it is unlikely that Muslims will allow this – as they’ve built the “Dome of the Rock” on the location of the original Temple • All that remains of the original Temple is the Western Wall also knows as the Wailing Wall • The wall is a place of prayer & lamentation – as well as a popular pilgrimage site

  16. Scriptures • We’re very familiar with the Hebrew Scriptures as the Old Testament contains them in their entirety, although the format is different • A prominent feature of the OT is the three-fold division of The Torah (Law), Nevi’im (Prophets) & the Ketuvim (Writings)

  17. Christianity

  18. EarlyChristianity • Roots lie in Judaism, the teachings of John the Baptist, Jesus, and the apostles • Earliest converts were Jews who did not think they were breaking away from Hebrew Law • Earliest Christians wished to be considered Jews since the Jewish religion was officially recognized by the Roman govt and its adherents had certain privileges

  19. A New Direction • After Jewish revolts of 66-70 AD and during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, Christians began to emphasize their separateness • Gulf between Jews and Christians had become huge by this time

  20. A New Direction, Cont. • Christian leaders had decided that Gentiles who converted to Christianity did not have to become Jews in order to become Christians • There were dangers to this policy • Unapproved religion • Roman government by the time of Nero or Domitian had decided that to be guilty of just the name Christian was punishable by death

  21. Foundation of Christianity: Resurrection • What is the one thing that the whole Christian faith is based on ? • Jesus’ resurrection from the death • Supporting material: • 1Co 15:14: “And if Christ has not been raised, then our proclamation is worthless, and your faith is also worthless.”

  22. Apostolic Era: Empowerment 33 A few weeks later: Peter and other disciples of Jesus announced Jesus' resurrection in Jerusalem Jesus’ resurrection Peter and other disciples denied Jesus… (scared) The disciples are not afraid for their lives… Reason ???

  23. Apostolic Era: Early Persecutions 33 62 James (brother of Jesus) was stoned to death for his faith in Jesus Jesus’ resurrection Jesus appeared to James after He has resurrected from the death (1 Co 15)… Seeing a death person coming back to life will surely make someone into a believer… Jesus’ brothers did not believe that He was the Son of God (in fact, they believed that He was crazy - John 7:3-5

  24. Apostolic Era: Early Persecutions 66 33 37 38 Paul was killed by Nero (because Paul was a Christian…) Jesus’ resurrection Paul persecuted and killed Christians (according to his own words) According to Paul: he was converted to Christianity after seeing and speaking with the resurrected Jesus (Acts 9)

  25. Apostolic Era: Persecutions 64 Rome burned By Nero Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians (Tacitus)

  26. Post Apostolic: Persecutions Pliny: 100 AD "I have observed the following procedure: I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time, threatening them with punishment; those who persisted I ordered executed....” – Pliny

  27. Persecution • Greatest persecutions began in 3rd century AD • Christian intolerance of pagan beliefs bred powerful retaliatory hatred of Christians • Accused Christians of cannibalism, atheism, haters of mankind • Charged with dishonoring the emperor • Blamed with all the evils that afflicted the state

  28. Post Apostolic: Persecutions Decius: 249 - 251 "Under the emperor Decius many persecutions arose against the name of Christ, and there was such a slaughter of believers that they could not be numbered. Babillas, bishop of Antioch, with his three little sons, Urban, Prilidan and Epolon, and Xystus, bishop of Rome, Laurentius, an archdeacon, and Hyppolitus, were made perfect by martyrdom because they confessed the name of the Lord.” – Gregory of Tours

  29. Growth – 4th Century AD • Hellenistic religions helped pave the way for success of Christianity • Shared similarities with cults as Isis made Christianity acceptable • But many found Christianity superior to Hellenistic cults • Central was Jesus, a historical rather than a mythological figure • His teachings in the Gospels • Books were elevated in content but written in the language of Cult of Isis held ritual purification rites and offered promise of an aftelife the people

  30. Post Apostolic: Official Religion 312 313 323 324 325 Constantine emperor of the Western Roman Empire – fighting under the Christian Cross symbol (dream) Edict of Milan: Christianity given same status as pagan religions Constantine emperor of the WHOLE Roman Empire Christianity only legal religion in Roman empire Council of Nicaea

  31. Islam: Submission to the will of Allah

  32. Islam: The Muslim World 622 • Muslims are strict monotheists. • They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah. • Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

  33. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

  34. Muhammad Ibn (son of) Abdallah • Founder: Muhammad Ibn (son of) Adballah (descendant of Abraham) • Born: 571 AD in Mecca, Arabia • Titles: The prophet, the messenger (Alrasul)

  35. The last revelation: Qur’an’s origins • Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610. • 622  Hijrah  Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. *Beginning of Muslim calendar • Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an (written in Arabic) after his death.

  36. Islam by the death of Mohammed 632

  37. 632-661: Four Elected Successors (Caliphs) • Abu-Bakr - 632-634 • The first elected official. Wise leader • Omar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644 • A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just. • Conquered the Levant, Egypt, Iraq, Persia • Othman bin Affan - 644-656 • Collected and compiled the Quran • Emergence of power struggle • Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661 • Power struggle escalated to armed conflict • Emergence of political parties

  38. 732, 100 Yrs after Mohammed

  39. Essential Question: Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many to the new religion?

  40. The Spread of Islam • Easy to learn and practice. • No priesthood. • Teaches equality (“close” to equality for women). • Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. • Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes.

  41. The 5 Pillars . . . 1. The Shahada • The testimony. • The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet]. 1 Basic Duties of Life . . .

  42. 2. The Salat • The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

  43. 2. The Salat • Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

  44. 3. The Zakat • Almsgiving (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

  45. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

  46. 5. The Hajj • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. • Those who complete the pilgimage can add the title hajji to their name. 5

  47. Other Islamic Religious Practices • Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living. • Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

  48. Muslims in the World Today

  49. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

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