Reform or No Reform & Pre-WWI Europe

1. Reform or No Reform&Pre-WWI Europe Ms. Pia

2. REVIEW Muckrakers Expose Problems • Muckraker – journalist who “raked” (brought to light) the “muck” (dirt and corruption) in society. • The Jungle reading describing the horrors of the working conditions in Chicago. • The uproar caused by the book helped persuade Congress to pass the: • Meat Inspection Act in 1906 • Pure Food and Drug Act – required accurate labeling of food and medicine and banning the sale of harmful food.

3. REVIEW Prejudice and Discrimination • Anti-Asian policies • Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 – prevented Chinese immigrants from entering U.S. • Gentlemen’s Agreement – restricted Japanese immigration to the United States • 1913 – California made it illegal for Japanese immigrants to buy land.

4. REVIEW Prejudice and Discrimination • African American policies • Plessy vs. Ferguson – “separate but equal” • Ku Klux Klan – terrorized African American’s. Wanted to restore Protestant America. • Anti-Catholicism • Protestants feared that Catholic immigrants threatened the “American” way of life • Anti-Semitism • Landlords, employers, and schools discriminated against Jews

5. REVIEW Women’s Roles Change • Fifteenth Amendment – gave voting rights to free men • About 40% of college students were women in 1910 • Between 1890 and 1910, the number of women working outside the home increased from 4 million to 7.5 million

6. REVIEW Teddy Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy • Monroe Doctrine – U.S. will not interfere with European colonies… and further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America will be viewed as acts of aggression. • Roosevelt Corollary – America could act as a “policeman” in Latin America, intervening. America wanted to protect Latin America

7. REVIEW Politics: Splitting the Ticket • The Election of 1912 • William Howard Taft – Republican • Teddy Roosevelt – Progressive Republican • Woodrow Wilson – Democrat • Eugene Debs – Socialist The Progressive Movement began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in cities with settlement workers and reformers who were interested in helping those facing harsh conditions at home and at work. The reformers spoke out about the need for laws regulating tenement housing and child labor. They also called for better working conditions for women. The Progressive party also became known as the Bull Moose Party when former President Roosevelt boasted "I'm fit as a bull moose," after being shot in an assassination attempt prior to his 1912 campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

8. REVIEW Wilson’s Presidency: Pre WWI • The Clayton Antitrust Act – outlawed unfair business practices • The Federal Trade Commission Act – created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a federal regulatory agency with the power to investigate and prosecute businesses engaged in illegal practices. • Adamson Act – imposed an 8-hour work day in industry.

9. Pre-WWI Europe VOCABULARY • Nationalism – extreme pride for one’s country • Ethnic Groups – different groups of people based on their country • Alliance – more than one country who work together and support each other if one needs help • Socialism – system based on shared or government ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods. • Neutral (neutrality) – not favoring either side

10. Pre-WWI Europe – Players • Woodrow Wilson – POTUS before, during, immediately after WWI • Karl Marx – philosopher – father of Communism. Anti-capitalist, believed rich vs. poor would lead to revolution. Believed in no ownership, everything would be community owned. His ideas inspired revolutions in Russia.

11. Pre-WWI Europe – Players • Vladimir Lenin – Marxist leader who became head of Russia when it became Communist after the Revolution of October 1917. Leader of the Bolsheviks who dominated Russia until 1989. • Kaiser Wilhelm II – emperor/leader of the German Empire at the start of WWI. Aligned Germany with Austria Hungary at the start of WWI.

12. Pre-WWI Europe – Players • Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary. • Represented the future of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

13. European Nations at the Start of WWI

14. European Nations at the Start of WWI • Germany (Berlin) – Under Wilhelm II, Germany became very militaristic, causing friction with other nations. As France established an alliance with the UK and even Russia, Germany felt increasingly isolated. It ended up in an alliance with Austria-Hungary

15. European Nations at the Start of WWI • Ottoman Empire – (Bulgaria, Turkey) The only Eastern power to seriously challenge rising European powers in the West (UK, Germany, France). In decline by the time WWI started, around since the 1400’s.

16. European Nations at the Start of WWI • Austro-Hungarian Empire (Vienna)– A dual monarchy since the mid-19th century, it was geographically the largest nation in Europe (not including Russia). Had political, treasure, and cultural riches in Vienna, its capital (present day Austria) and Budapest (present day Hungary).

17. European Nations at the Start of WWI • France (Paris) – Leader in the arts, culture and politics. Global force, second only to the UK in colonies worldwide.

18. European Nations at the Start of WWI • Russia (Moscow)– Facing revolution at home (Bolshevik/ “red” Revolution), Russia was unstable and greatly affected by the works of Marx and Lenin WWI approached and occurred.

19. Long-Term Causes of WWI • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism Policy of glorifying military power. An agreement between two or more countries to help the other if needed. Domination of one country over another country Extreme loyalty and devotion to ones country

20. REVIEW Governments • Democracy – Government derives its power from the people • Monarchy – Rule based on God or religion • Dictatorship – Rule based on ideology (belief system) by force and military/police rule • Theocratic – Rule by divine right; power comes from God • Republic – Rule by electing representatives who govern in the name of the people

21. REVIEW What’s going on in Europe? • Rise of socialism • Patriotism x 10 = Nationalism • Jingoism – extreme emotion in the form of aggressive foreign policy • Rise of militarism • European imperialism • India under UK control • W. Africa conquered by French

22. Socialism/Non-democracy + Nationalism + Imperialism + Militarism + Alliances = • Powder-keg – a barrel used to hold gunpowder (i.e. a potential source for disaster or violence) • Why might alliances be a problem for peace? • If your friend is in a fight, do you jump in and help? Does it solve a problem?

23. Europe during WWI