International Cooking: A Culinary Journey, 2E

1. International Cooking: A Culinary Journey, 2E Chapter 17 South America

2. History Incans • lived in area that is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile • developed an advanced civilization

3. bred plants to improve their crops • adapted to withstand the climate • developed new varieties of vegetables • developed an irrigation system • terraced steep farmland • figured out methods to air-dry, salt, dehydrate, and freeze-dry foods

4. arrived in early 1500s • introduced pigs, cows, lamb, chickens, goats, dairy products, wheat, and almonds • learned about corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, avocados, squash, sweet potatoes, pineapples, chocolate, tobacco, and vanilla Spanish Explorers

5. arrived in Brazil in 1533 • brought African slaves to work sugar plantations • slaves brought recipes from their home • planted foods from their home Portuguese

6. Topography • with the exception of Bolivia and Paraguay, all countries border an ocean or sea • Andes Mountains span 4,500 miles; longest chain and second highest group of mountains; runs parallel to Pacific

7. Chile - Atacama Desert has no recorded rainfall • Amazon River is second longest river • largest rainforest is in Peru at Amazon River • Brazil - huge country, Amazon River flows through it

8. Cooking Methods Before Spanish Arrival in 1500s • Boiled and steamed • broiled over an open fire • stewed (braised) • toasted in a dry pan

9. In the 1500s, the Spanish introduced butter. This allowed frying.

10. Regions • Much isolation because of terrain • Differences in the available foods produced in each area • Difficult sharing of foods and recipes because of isolation

11. Peru and Ecuador • west of Andes - arid, hot, desert-like • east of Andes - tropical, hot, humid • Chile • north - desert with almost no rainfall and nothing growing • Center - fertile valleys of rich, sandy soil, Mediterranean climate ideal for growing grapes • South - near Antarctica, cold mountainous with thick forests and lots of rainfall

12. Brazil • covers much of eastern South America • borders every country except Chile and Ecuador • Uruguay and Argentina • south • pampas • lots of cattle and crops

13. Cuisine • Indians • Portugal • Spain Culinary Heritage

14. many types of potatoes • identified over 4,000 varieties • many varieties of corn • quinoa (a type of grain) • beans • pumpkins • squash Incans in the Andes Grew

15. rice • coconut • beans - black beans most popular Brazil Chile • fish and seafood • beans Argentina • beef