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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Rome. 753 B.C.E. Rome was founded 616-510 B.C.E. Etruscan occupation of Rome 509-27 B.C.E. Republican Rome 27 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Imperial Rome. The Etruscans.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Rome

  2. 753 B.C.E. Rome was founded • 616-510 B.C.E. Etruscan occupation of Rome • 509-27 B.C.E. Republican Rome • 27 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Imperial Rome

  3. The Etruscans Italian art history begins with the Etruscans. Etruscan Civilization was created on the now known Tuscany region of Italy. http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/ancient/etruscan.htm

  4. http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/05map01italy500bce.jpghttp://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/05map01italy500bce.jpg

  5. http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/EtruscanMap.jpg

  6. The Etruscans created artistic objects mostly for religious purposes. Important part of their art is associated with their funerary customs. The cult of the dead, similar to contemporaneous Egyptian practices, produced a highly developed sepulchral art. The sculptured lids of sarcophagi often represented a single figure or a couple with the haunting archaic smile so evident in early Greek sculpture.http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/ancient/etruscan.htm

  7. Statue of Apollo at Veii. 520 - 550 BCE. http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/aplu.html

  8. Sarcophagus of Married Couple, 520 BCE http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/MarriedCouple.jpg

  9. http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/Sarcophagus(det).jpghttp://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/Sarcophagus(det).jpg

  10. Etruscan Fresco: Double Flute Player from the Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia --the ubiquitous Etruscan joi de vivre (zest of life) http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/art/gallery.html

  11. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8233

  12. “Dancing Woman and Lyre-Player,” 470 BCE http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/TarquiniiLyrelPlayer.jpg

  13. The Rise of Rome • Two myths: --Virgil’s Aeneid: Aeneas of Troy. --Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, were nursed by a female wolf after being abandoned.

  14. Virgil’s Aeneid • Writtencirca 19 BCE at the request of emperor Augustus • An epic poem in which the legendry Trojan origin of the Roman people is glorified http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth1a.htm

  15. (1) When the Greeks destroyed Troy, Aeneas escaped alive, carrying his father on his back, and in his arms his son. He embarked upon a long and dangerous voyage around the Mediterranean. During his wanderings, Aeneas landed at Carthage where he met and had a love affair with Dido, queen of Carthage. • http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth1a.htm

  16. Aeneas carrying his father out of Troy as the city burns, in a detail from a painting by Raphael. http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/bdaenea.jpg

  17. (2) One day when she and Aeneas were on a hunting trip together, a storm blew up, and they found themselves sheltering alone in a cave. While the storm raged they made love. From then on, they lived together as man and wife, and Aeneas behaved almost as if he were king of Carthage. • http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth6a.htm

  18. http://www.stanford.edu/~plomio/dido.html

  19. (3) When the messenger of the Gods came to remind Aeneas of his duty to found a new Troy in Italy, Aeneas decided that he must leave his beloved and continue on his journey. Dido soon discovered what his intentions were, and confronted him with his treachery. Though himself deeply upset, Aeneas could only plead that the gods had compelled him, and begged Dido not to make their parting doubly difficult. • http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth6a.htm

  20. (4) In despair, Dido resolved on death. She built a vast funeral pyre for herself. . . . After a sleepless night she rose to sea Aeneas' ship already at sea. Cursing him and praying for everlasting enmity between Carthage and Aeneas' descendants, she climbed the pyre and , taking her lovers sword, mortally stabbed herself. • http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth6a.htm

  21. http://digilander.libero.it/vvegaz/comenius/menu1/im2.htm

  22. The Death of Dido, Rubens, circa 1640 “The fullness of her character left the door open to controversial interpretations: powerful ruler, faithful widow, lustful siren, and wronged woman.” http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_2b/passion.html

  23. (5) Eventually the band reached the shores of Italy, where Aeneas consulted the Sibyl, a priestess of Apollo, who acts as his guide on a visit to the underworld. His visit to the underworld in Book 6 is the turning point of the epic and here Aeneas finally realizes his true destiny. In the underworld he is reunited with his father, who told him of the future greatness of the race he was destined to found, and he is shown the souls of famous Romans of the future, waiting to be born. • http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth1a.htm

  24. http://www.humanities.uci.edu/users/vfolkenflik/VRF%20Sources/Aeneas%20in%20the%20Underworld.jpghttp://www.humanities.uci.edu/users/vfolkenflik/VRF%20Sources/Aeneas%20in%20the%20Underworld.jpg

  25. Aeneas and Sibyl in the Underworld, Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1630s http://www2.bc.edu/~betancur/theaeneid.html

  26. Capitoline She-Wolf, c. 500-480 BCE. http://www.utexas.edu/courses/clubmed/capwolf.jpg

  27. Coin of Hadrian, 2nd Century CE http://www.utexas.edu/courses/clubmed/coinhadrian.jpg

  28. Syrian/Roman Mosaic, 510 CE http://www.utexas.edu/courses/clubmed/syrmosaic.jpg

  29. Roman Republic (509-30 BCE)

  30. Roman Culture • Fatherly authority+military discipline • Morality: Patriotism, duty, masculine self-control, respect for authority and tradition • Virtues: bravery, honor, self-discipline, and loyalty to country and family (Fiero 133)

  31. Social Hierarchy • The patricians: aristocrats of ancient Rome, who governed the city from the Senate. • The plebeians: the commoners, 98% of the citizens (Fiero 131)

  32. Struggle of the Orders • The plebeian-patrician struggle for political power. • Lasted two hundred years.

  33. Consequences • The Roman aristocracy shifted from one of birth to one of wealth (i.e. the equestrians). • The equestrians: men who had wealth and influence but chose business over politics

  34. Government • Consuls: 2 annually elected magistrates --commanded the army, served as judges, initiated legislation • The Senate --wealthy patricians, controlled public funds, foreign policy, and the law-making process • The Assembly --elected consuls, made laws (from 287 BCE) --established tribunes (Fiero 131-32)

  35. Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)

  36. Wars with Carthage: • The First Punic War 241-218 B.C.E. • The Second Punic War 218-201 B.C.E. • The Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.E.

  37. The First Punic War • Roman fear of Carthaginian expansion • Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome • Rome seized Corsica and Sardinia • The Second Punic War • Carthaginian expansion in Spain • Hannibal (247-182 BCE) • Carthage abandoned all territory to save Carthage • The Third Punic War • “Carthage must be destroyed.”

  38. Hannibal crossing the Alps during the Winter of 218 B.C.

  39. Territorial Expansion • Increase in Roman territory (Sicily, North Africa, and Spain) • Policy of westward expansion • Greece and Macedon became Roman provinces (146 BCE)

  40. http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/13map05punicwars.jpghttp://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/13map05punicwars.jpg

  41. Late Republic 27 B.C.E – 180 C.E. The Principate 第一公民國 • 180 – 284 C.E. The “Third Century Crisis” 內憂外患時期 • 284 – 610 C.E. The Dominate 戴克里先與其後

  42. Late Republic • A time of turbulence. ---Gracchian reforms: (Tribunes) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus proposed giving government lands to the poor. Tiberius murdered. ---Spartacus Uprising: 73-71 BCE; Slave revolts

  43. Late Republic • Military Dictators • Gaius Marius: served as consul 6 times from 107-100 BCE. • Cornelius Sulla: dictator in 83 BCE

  44. The First Triumvirate 三人執政 Caesar Crassus Pompey (North) (East) (Stayed in Rome)

  45. Julius Caesar, the most famous Roman general http://www.beloit.edu/~classics/main/courses/history222/julius/Caesar(Kleiner-22)Medium.jpg

  46. Julius Caesar • 100 BC Birth in Rome 59 BCFirst consulship; beginning of the First Triumvirate. 52 BC Battle of Alesia, Gaul 49 BCCrossing of the Rubicon, the civil war starts. 48 BC Defeats Pompey in Greece; made dictator; second time consul. 47 BC Campaign in Egypt; meets Cleopatra VII. 46 BC Third time consul. 45 BC Defeats the last opposition in Hispania. Returns to Rome; fourth time consul. 44 BC Appointed perpetual dictator. March 15, Assassinated.

  47. The Second Triumvirate Antony Octavian Lepidus (East) (Italy and Spain) (North Africa and Gaul)

  48. Collapse of the Republic • 42-31 BCE Rule of Octavian, Mark Antony Lepidus • 31 BCE Octavian → sole consul. • 27 BCE Octavian → emperor, Augustus

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