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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Population Demography Population and Community Ecology Environmental Limits to Population Growth Life History Patterns Human Population Growth ] Community Ecology Population and Community Ecology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Innate Animal Behavior Population and Community Ecology(continued) Learned Animal Behavior ] Population and Community Ecology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Population and Community Ecology > Population Demography Population Demography • Population Demography • Population Size and Density • Species Distribution • The Study of Population Dynamics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/population-demography-249/

  7. Population and Community Ecology > Environmental Limits to Population Growth Environmental Limits to Population Growth • Exponential Population Growth • Logistic Population Growth • Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Population Regulation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/environmental-limits-to-population-growth-251/

  8. Population and Community Ecology > Life History Patterns Life History Patterns • Life History Patterns and Energy Budgets • Theories of Life History Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/life-history-patterns-250/

  9. Population and Community Ecology > Human Population Growth Human Population Growth • Human Population Growth • Overcoming Density-Dependent Regulation • Age Structure, Population Growth, and Economic Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/human-population-growth-253/

  10. Population and Community Ecology > Community Ecology Community Ecology • The Role of Species within Communities • Predation, Herbivory, and the Competitive Exclusion Principle • Symbiosis • Ecological Succession Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/community-ecology-254/

  11. Population and Community Ecology > Innate Animal Behavior Innate Animal Behavior • Introduction to Animal Behavior • Movement and Migration • Animal Communication and Living in Groups • Altruism and Populations • Mating Systems and Sexual Selection Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/innate-animal-behavior-255/

  12. Population and Community Ecology > Learned Animal Behavior Learned Animal Behavior • Simple Learned Behaviors • Conditioned Behavior • Cognitive Learning and Sociobiology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/learned-animal-behavior-977/

  13. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Population and Community Ecology Key terms • age structureThe composition of a population in terms of the proportions of individuals of different ages; represented as a bar graph with younger ages at the bottom and males and females on either side. • allelopathythe release by a plant of a toxin to suppress growth of nearby competing plants, often resulting in a uniform dispersion pattern • altruismdevotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; opposed to egoism or selfishness • Batesian mimicrythe resemblance of one or more non-poisonous species to a poisonous species, for example, the scarlet king snake and the coral snake • behavioral biologyA systematic approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior assuming that the behavior of a human or animal is a consequence of that individual's history. • camouflageresemblance of an organism to its surroundings for avoiding detection • carrying capacitythe number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support; indicated by the letter "K" • carrying capacitythe number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support; indicated by the letter "K" • classical conditioningthe use of a neutral stimulus, originally paired with one that invokes a response, to generate a conditioned response • climate changeChanges in the earth's climate, especially those said to be produced by global warming. • cognitive learningthe process by which one acquires knowledge or skill in cognitive processes, which include reasoning, abstract thinking, and problem solving • cognitive mapa mental epresentation which serves an organism to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday environment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Population and Community Ecology • commensalismA sharing of the same environment by two organisms where one species benefits and the other is unaffected; e.g., barnacles on whales. • communitya group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other • comparative psychologyThe scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior. • demographythe study of populations and how they change • density-dependentProcesses that occur when population growth rates are regulated by the size of a population in a given amount of resources such as food or habitat area. • dispersion patternthe spatial relationship between members of a population within a habitat, often characteristic of a particular species • equilibriumthe condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced, resulting in no net change • fecunditynumber, rate, or capacity of offspring production • fecunditynumber, rate, or capacity of offspring production • fissionthe process by which a bacterium splits to form two daughter cells • game theorya branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic situations in which individuals or organizations choose various actions in an attempt to maximize their returns • greenhouse gasAny gas, such as carbon dioxide, that contributes to the greenhouse effect (continued warming) when released into the atmosphere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Population and Community Ecology • habitat heterogeneityvariation in physical environmental features within an area, such as topography, soil chemistry, temperature, moisture, and biological factors • habituationa learned behavior involving modifying behavior according to the environment or previous expriences • herbivorythe consumption of living plant tissue by animals • imprintingany kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior • infectious diseaseIllness caused by introduction of a pathogen or parasite into the body via contact with a transmitting agent such as vector organism or an infected person. • innateinborn; native; natural • interspecificexisting or occurring between different species • intraspecificoccurring among members of the same species • intraspecificoccurring among members of the same species • invasive speciesany species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native and has since become a nuisance through rapid spread and increase in numbers, often to the detriment of native species • iteroparousreproducing more than once in a lifetime • keystone speciesa species that exerts a large, stabilizing influence throughout an ecological community, despite its relatively small numerical abundance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Population and Community Ecology • kin selectionan evolutionary mechanism by which an organism's behavior benefits the reproductive success of its relatives, including at the expense of its own survival or reproduction • kinesisthe undirected movement of an organism in response to an external stimulus • life tablea demographic tool which shows a population's life expectancy and mortality within age groups • mark and recapturea sample technique is used for study of the populations of mobile organisms, estimating population size from the number of marked individuals in samples • monogamya form of sexual bonding involving an exclusive pair bond between two individuals • mortality ratethe number of deaths per given unit of population over a given period of time • mutualismAny interaction between two species that benefits both. • operant conditioninga technique of behavior modification through positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment • orthokinesisthe speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus • parasitismInteraction between two organisms, in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed. • per capitaper person or individual • phenotypethe appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Population and Community Ecology • pheromonea chemical secreted by an animal that affects the development or behavior of other members of the same species, functioning often as a means of attracting a member of the opposite sex • polyandrythe mating pattern whereby a female copulates with several males • polygynythe mating patterns whereby a male copulates with several females • population densitythe average number of a population's individuals that inhabit a unit area or volume • population dynamicsVariation among populations due to birth and death rates, by immigration and emigration, and concerning topics such as aging populations or population decline. • population dynamicsthe variation of populations due to birth and death rates, by immigration and emigration, and concerning topics such as aging populations or population decline • quadrata square area, marked with boundaries for studying the population size and density of plants and sessile animals • semelparousreproducing only once in a lifetime • sociobiologythe science that applies the principles of evolutionary biology to the study of social behaviour in both humans and animals • statisticsa systematic collection of data on measurements or observations, often related to demographic information such as population counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc. • successionan act of following in sequence • survivorship curvea graph of the number of individuals surviving at each age interval plotted versus time Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Population and Community Ecology • taxisthe movement of an organism in response to a stimulus; similar to kinesis, but more direct • vaccineA substance given to stimulate the body's production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease, prepared from the agent that causes the disease, or a synthetic substitute. • youth bulgeAge structure typical of fast-growing populations in which a majority of the population are relatively young. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  20. Population and Community Ecology Logistic population growth (a) Yeast grown in ideal conditions in a test tube show a classical S-shaped logistic growth curve, whereas (b) a natural population of seals shows real-world fluctuation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Environmental Limits to Population Growth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44872/latest/Figure_45_03_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. Population and Community Ecology Exponential and logistical population growth When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Environmental Limits to Population Growth. December 6, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44872/latest/Figure_45_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Population and Community Ecology A Range of Animal Behaviors Ethology has many aspects ranging from animal communication, emotions, culture, learning and sexuality. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Ethology_diversity.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ethology_diversity.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Population and Community Ecology Global percent growth rate of population The percent growth rate of population in different countries shows that the highest growth rates are in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Population Growth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44875/latest/Figure_45_05_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Population and Community Ecology Changing Population Age Structure This 3:28 minute movie discusses age structures and gives examples. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  25. Population and Community Ecology Lifecycle of a parasitic tapeworm This diagram shows the life cycle of a pork tapeworm (Taenia solium), a human worm parasite. The eggs of the tapeworm are ingested by the host. When they hatch, the worms travel through the wall of the intestine and begin to grow. Here, the parasite will absorb the nutrition from the host and continue to grow. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Community Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44878/latest/Figure_45_06_10ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Population and Community Ecology Three patterns of distribution in populations of organisms A population may have a uniform, random, or clumped distribution. Territorial birds, such as penguins, tend to have uniform distribution. Plants with wind-dispersed seeds, such as dandelions, are usually distributed randomly. Animals, such as elephants, that travel in groups exhibit clumped distribution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Demography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44864/latest/Figure_45_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Population and Community Ecology Commensalistic relationship The southern masked-weaver bird is starting to make a nest in a tree in Zambezi Valley, Zambia. This is an example of a commensal relationship, in which one species (the bird) benefits, while the other (the tree) neither benefits nor is harmed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Community Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44878/latest/Figure_45_06_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Population and Community Ecology Imprinting The attachment of ducklings to their mother is an example of imprinting. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44879/latest/Figure_45_07_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Population and Community Ecology Classical conditioning In the classic Pavlovian response, the dog becomes conditioned to associate the ringing of the bell with food. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44879/latest/Figure_45_07_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Population and Community Ecology Operant conditioning The training of dolphins by rewarding them with food is an example of positive reinforcement operant conditioning. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44879/latest/Figure_45_07_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Population and Community Ecology Growing Population Rate and Resource Scarcity Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal Mediterranean Savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water; as of 2015, the area has a population of over 18 million. Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1280px-Los_Angeles_Aerial_view_2013.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_human_population%23/media/File:Los_Angeles_Aerial_view_2013.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Population and Community Ecology World population growth from 1800 to 2100 United Nations projections in 2010 give "high" (red line), "medium" (orange) and "low" (green) scenarios for world population growth. The highest estimate projects the world population may rise to 16 billion by 2100 or it may decline to 6 billion, according to the lowest estimate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."World-Population-1800-2100."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World-Population-1800-2100.svgView on Boundless.com

  33. Population and Community Ecology Worldwide Life Expectancy by Country 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years. In 2012, the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Worldwide Life Expectency."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_human_population%23/media/File:Esperanza_de_vida.PNGView on Boundless.com

  34. Population and Community Ecology Courtship displays A male peacock's extravagant, eye-spotted tail is used in courtship displays to attract a mate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com http://www.soil-net.com/album/Animals/Birds/slides/Peacock%252004.jpg.CC BYhttp://www.soil-net.com/album/Animals/Birds/slides/Peacock%2004.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Population and Community Ecology Life table of Dall mountain sheep This life table of Ovis dalli shows the number of deaths, number of survivors, mortality rate, and life expectancy at each age interval for the Dall mountain sheep. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 12, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44864/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  36. Population and Community Ecology Effect of population density on fecundity In this population of roundworms, fecundity (number of eggs) decreases with population density. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Dynamics and Regulation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44882/latest/Figure_45_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Population and Community Ecology Asian carp jump out of the water in response to electrofishing The Asian carp in the inset photograph were harvested from the Little Calumet River in Illinois in May, 2010, using rotenone, also used as an insecticide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44863/latest/Figure_45_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Population and Community Ecology Pioneer species are the first to colonize During primary succession in lava on Maui, Hawaii, succulent plants are the pioneer species. After weathering breaks down the lava into soil, the plants are able to take root. These plants will help to further change the soil by adding nutrients to it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Community Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44878/latest/Figure_45_06_15.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Population and Community Ecology K- and r- selected species (A) Elephants are considered K-selected species as they live long, mature late, and provide long-term parental care to few offspring. Oak trees produce many offspring that do not receive parental care, but are considered K-selected species based on longevity and late maturation. (B) Dandelions and jellyfish are both considered r-selected species as they mature early, have short lifespans, and produce many offspring that receive no parental care Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 6, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44882/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  40. Population and Community Ecology The estimated growth of the human population from 10,000 BCE–2000 CE. The human population has grown most sharply in the past 200 years. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."population curve."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_curve.svgView on Boundless.com

  41. Population and Community Ecology Cognitive learning Group I (the green solid line) found food at the end of each trial; group II (the blue dashed line) did not find food for the first 6 days; and group III (the red dotted line) did not find food during runs on the first three days. Notice that rats given food earlier learned faster and eventually caught up to the control group. The orange dots on the group II and III lines show the days when food rewards were added to the mazes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44879/latest/Figure_45_07_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Population and Community Ecology Exponential population growth When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce. It levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Environmental Limits to Population Growth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44872/latest/Figure_45_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Population and Community Ecology Survivorship curves show the distribution of individuals in a population according to age Humans and most mammals have a Type I survivorship curve because death primarily occurs in the older years. Birds have a Type II survivorship curve, as death at any age is equally probable. Trees have a Type III survivorship curve because very few survive the younger years, but after a certain age, individuals are much more likely to survive. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Demography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44864/latest/Figure_45_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Population and Community Ecology Altruistic actions Emperor penguins migrate miles in harsh conditions to bring back food for their young. Are extreme, altruistic actions such as these motivated by the selfish need to pass on genes? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boston.com.CC BY-SAhttp://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/greenblog/pe.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Population and Community Ecology Defenses against predation and herbivory The (a) honey locust tree (Gleditsia triacanthos) uses thorns, a mechanical defense, against herbivores, while the (b) Florida red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys nelsoni) uses its shell as a mechanical defense against predators. (c) Foxglove (Digitalis sp.) uses a chemical defense: toxins produced by the plant can cause nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, convulsions, or death when consumed. (d) The North American millipede (Narceus americanus) uses both mechanical and chemical defenses: when threatened, the millipede curls into a defensive ball, producing a noxious substance that irritates eyes and skin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Community Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44878/latest/Figure_45_06_02abcd.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Population and Community Ecology Population bar graphs for stages of demographic change from expansion to contraction The leftmost diagram (representing the age structure of a rapidly-growing population) indicates that the number of individuals decreases rapidly with age. The slow-growth model shows that the proportion of individuals decreases steadily with age. The stable population diagram is rounded on top; the older part of the population is a larger proportion of the population than in the other age diagrams. The rightmost diagram represents a population that may be stable or even declining. The relatively few young people may not be making up for the mortality among the older age groups. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Population Growth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44875/latest/Figure_45_05_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  47. Population and Community Ecology Secondary succession in the forest Secondary succession is shown in an oak and hickory forest after a forest fire. Those organisms that could not escape are killed, but their bodies decompose, adding nutrients to the soil. These nutrients provide the basis for new plants to grow. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Community Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44878/latest/Figure_45_06_16.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Population and Community Ecology Population density is negatively correlated with body size Australian mammals show a typical inverse relationship between population density and body size. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Demography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44864/latest/Figure_45_01_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  49. Population and Community Ecology Scientist uses a quadrat to measure plant population size and density A quadrat is a square frame of known area in which species of interest can be easily counted and measured. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Demography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44864/latest/Figure_45_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Population and Community Ecology Mark and recapture is used to measure the population size of mobile animals. With the mark and recapture method, researchers capture animals and mark them with tags, bands, paint, body markings or some other sign. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Demography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44864/latest/Figure_45_01_03abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

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