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Revolutions in the West

Revolutions in the West. Chapter 23. The Age of Revolution - 3 Forces in Europe. Cultural – Enlightenment thinkers called for religious freedom, aristocratic reform, and democracy

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Revolutions in the West

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  1. Revolutions in the West Chapter 23

  2. The Age of Revolution -3 Forces in Europe • Cultural – Enlightenment thinkers called for religious freedom, aristocratic reform, and democracy • Commercialization – stirred the economy, new merchant class challenged aristocrats, promoted technology in production • Population Revolution – ceased movement of disease, improved nutrition, decrease in the death rate

  3. American Revolution • 1775, rebellion of British colonies • Taxes, Stamp Act • Declaration of Independence • Based on Enlightenment principles • 1789 – Constitutional government based on checks and balances

  4. French Revolution • French Revolution, 1789, shaped all of western Europe • Enlightenment thinkers – limit Catholic Church, aristocracy, monarchy • Middle class • Peasantry • French government was unwilling to change • 1787-1789, economic slump, bad harvests • King Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General, Parliament to talk of reform

  5. July 14, 1789 Bastille Day • Bastille prison stormed by angry Parisians • Estates-General became the National Assembly • Declaration of the Rights of Man • freedom of thought • Natural rights “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” • Banning of Manorialism • Catholic Church attacked • Birth of a new constitution – freedom of religion, press, and property • Strong parliament was created to limit power of the king

  6. Reign of Terror “Let them eat cake” • Monarchies of Britain, Prussia, and Austria opposed this reform • Radical takeover who abolished the monarchy • King Louis XVI took a trip to the guillotine, with his wife • Execution of several thousand radical enemies • If you looked at a radical wrong, it could cost you your head

  7. Maximillien Robespierre • Enlightenment lawyer • Led execution of King Louis XVI • Took over leadership of the government • “Cult of the Supreme Being” • Called for a purge of moderate leaders – he was the one who lost his head

  8. Who could now restore order?A bold, short, French military officer?Will the Revolution fall into reversal?

  9. Napoleon Bonaparte • 1799, coup d’etat, government takeover • Upheld religious freedom, equality of men and women • Napoleonic Code – improvement on education, banking, and the legal system • Expansion abroad • 1807, Napoleon ruled largest empire since the Romans • 1812 invasion of Russia…brrrrrrrrrr….failed • Exiled in Elba, only to return for the famous Hundred Days • Legacy – revolutionary legislation

  10. Congress Of Vienna • 1815 • Efforts to reach a peace settlement in France • Strong powers were set up around France – Germany, Piedmont • Britain gained new territories • Russia got a part of Poland • Stability fro 50 years • Idea was to restore French monarchy and unify the church and kings of Europe

  11. Conservatives • Advocated restoration of the monarchy • Defended the Church • Opposed revolutionary goals

  12. Liberals • Stressed limited state interference in individual life • Urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments • Protection of religion, press, and assembly • Middle class • Economic reform + better education = industrial growth

  13. Radicals • Advocated broader voting rights than liberals • Outright democracy • Social reform for the lower classes (communism)

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