500 TO 1500 –ONE THOUSAND YEARS OF LIFE

1. 500 TO 1500 –ONE THOUSAND YEARS OF LIFE

2. SAW THE EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH EARLY MIDDLE AGES

3. CHARLEMAGNE RESTORED ORDER OVER ALL OF EUROPE BY 800

4. The Feudal System In most of medieval Europe, society was dependent on the "feudal" system, which was based on allocation of land in return for service. The king would give out grants of land to his most important noblemen (barons and bishops), and each noble would have to promise to loyally follow him and supply him with soldiers in time of war. They did this at a special kneeling before the king, he swore an oath with the words "Sire, I become your man." The nobles then divided their land among lower lords, or knights who also had to become their vassals(servants). In the lowest spot in society sat the peasants who worked on the land itself. They had almost no rights, tiny pieces of property - and no vassals.

5. Social Roles of the Medieval People· Lord:a noble who owned and controlled all activities on his manor· Lady: the lords wife and lady of the manor and was in charge of castle affairs· Knight: a professional soldier · Vassal: a noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty · Squire: attained at the age of 14 while training as a knight and would be assigned to a knight to carry and care for the weapons and the horses· Chaplain: A chaplain provided spiritual welfare for labourers and the castle garrison. The duties might also include supervising building operations, clerk, and keeping accounts. He also attended to the chapel.· Castilian: resident owner or person in charge of a castle· Patron: a supporter of the arts· Peasant: a small farm worker; had no rights· Serf: a person who was bound to work on a nobles manor· Atilliator: skilled castle worker who made crossbows· Butler: cared for the cellar and was in charge of wine and beer· Cook: roasted, broiled, and baked food in fireplaces· Messenger: servants of the lord who carried receipts, letters, and commodities· Watchmen: an official at the castle responsible for security· Minstrels: entertainers who travelled from town to town· Friar: travelling preachers who spread the news of Saint Francis of Assisi

6. THOSE WHO FIGHT THOSE WHO PRAY THOSE WHO WORK

7. THOSE WHO FIGHT • War was small scale and violent • Armies were mercenaries who robbed from everyone • spread venereal disease and destroyed the environment • Bandits were everywhere • Codes of honour and chivalry were important

8. NOBLE YOUTH AND THE MIDDLE AGES • PLACED IN HOME OF RELATIVE • BECAME SERVANT OF THE LORD • LOOKED AFTER HORSE AND SWORD -25 POUNDS-60 POUNDS OF ARMOUR • LEARNED HOW TO FIGHT- THROW A LANCE, BOW AND ARROW • TOOK YEARS TO LEARN TO FIGHT ON HORSEBACK • REMAINED A YOUTH UNTIL MARRIED- 21 TO BE KNIGHTED • GOT TO TRAVEL WITH FRIENDS FOR 2 0R 3 YEARS • DOWRY WAS FROM MEN TO WOMEN!!

9. ONLY BECAME ADULT WHEN GAINING AN ESTATE FIGHT IN LOCAL SQUABBLES AND TOURNAMENTS FIGHT 40 DAYS/ YEAR CRUSADES FOR 2 TO 5 YEARS

10. WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE AGES WOMEN RAN ESTATE WHEN MEN WERE TOO FAR AWAY RAN INNER ECONOMY –COOKING, BREWING, SPINNING, WEAVING, CARING FOR YARD ANIMALS

11. Women and Children • much infant mortality • 1 in 7 women died in childbirth

12. THOSE WHO PRAY: MONKS AND FRIARS • MONKS KEPT ALIVE CLASSICAL CULTURE • BROUGHT NEW STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE • PUBLIC SERVICE • NEW TECHNIQUES IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT

13. DOING THINGS FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD • SPENT MUCH OF THEIR TIME RECOPYING MANUSCRIPTS • PRACTISED MEDICINE • DID MUCH WITH AGRICULTURE • BANKING HOUSE

14. PRAYED 7 TIMES A DAY • PRAYED FOR THOSE WHO COULD NOT • YOU PAID FOR THE MONKS TO PRAY FOR YOU • ARISTROCRATIC MONKS DID NOT HAVE TO WORK IN THE MONASTARIES

16. THOSE WHO PRAYED: WOMEN AND THE CHURCH • Some nuns were dedicated at young ages by their families, who wished to do good for the Church. However, nuns could enter convent at any stage in life from young childhood to old age. • In denying marriage and dedicating their lives to the Church, women were able to preserve both their minds and their bodies. • Few women who devoted their lives to the Church ever learned how to write. • Another advantage to joining the church was celibacy, which, like literacy, elevated women in medieval society to a point of high regard. Remaining chaste supposedly saved a woman from becoming as sinful as Eve.

17. WOMEN AND THE CHURCH: WITCHCRAFT 30 000 WOMEN IN GERMANY ALONE WERE KILLED BETWEEN 1550 AND 1650 80% OF ALL SAMPLE CASES STUDIED OF WITCHCRAFT WERE WOMEN

18. THOSE WHO WORKED • Serfs had little or no money. • Their clothes were very simple, and they had very few. • Men serfs wore long woolly shirts called kirtles, which came down to their knees. • Women serfs wore long gowns, which came down to the ground. Under the gown they might have worn a linen shirt. • All women covered their heads with hoods. • Peasant men wore stockings or tunics, while women wore long gowns with sleeveless tunics.

19. THOSE WHO WORKED • LITTLE DISTICTION BETWEEN SLAVERY AND SERFDOM • HAD TO WORK 3 TIMES A WEEK ON LORD’S LAND • HAD TO PAY LORDS A FEE- MARRIAGE TAX, INHERITANCE TAX

20. THOSE WHO WORKED • PEASANTS’ LANDS LARGER THAN LORDS • “OWNED” STRIPS THROUGHOUT ESTATE • GOAL WAS AN ADEQUATE FOOD SUPPLY • USED A TWO OR THREE YEAR CROP ROTATION • 1 BAG OF SEED = 5 BUSHELS- TODAY 1 BAG = 150 BUSHELS

21. BREAD WAS MAINSTAY OF DIET- “HARD BLACK SUBSTANCE” • COULD NOT LEGALLY HUNT • TYPICAL MEAL WAS BREAD AND ONION FOR BREAKFAST- SOUP FOR LUNCH

22. HOMES WERE WINDOWLESS, DIRT FLOORS, SEVERAL STOOLS AND ONE OR TWO BEDS

23. THOSE WHO WORKED KNEW VALUE OF ANIMAL FERTILIZERS IRON IN 14TH CENTURY IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS USED HORSES FOR CARTS AND PLOUGHING

24. NATURAL DISASTERS –E.G. FAMINE, FLOOD, EPIDEMICS, EARTHQUAKES

25. THE VILLAGE FEAST

26. LIFE WAS NASTY, BRUTISH AND SHORT THOMAS HOBBES