Chapter 2– The Cell In Action

1. Chapter 2– The Cell In Action Section 1 – Exchange with the Environment

2. Diffusion Osmosis ______________________________ - The movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration______________________________ - The diffusion of water from areas where they are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated.______________________________ - a membrane that lets only certain substances pass through. Selectively permeable

4.  What happens to a red blood cell when it is put into a salty solution? What happens when a wilted plant is watered? Water moves OUT, salt moves IN Cell gets SMALLER!! Water moves IN. Cells gets LARGER!!

5. Passive transport high _________________________________________ - the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy. Particles move from an area of ______________ concentration to an area of _____________ concentration. ________________________________________ - the movement of particles across a cell membrane with the use of energy. Particles move from an area of ______________ concentration to an area of _____________ concentration. Large particles move in to a cell by the process of ____________________________ and out of a cell by the process of _______________________. Both processes require the use of a sac called a __________________________. low Active transport low high endocytosis exocytosis vesicle

7. Chapter 2 – The Cell In Action Section 2 – Cell Energy

8. Respiration and Photosynthesis

9. Photosynthesis – process in which autotrophs use light energy from the sun to produce food.

10. How does food store energy? PHOTOSYNTHESIS– the process in which the plastids of plant cells take energy from the Sun, adds it to water and carbon dioxide, and changes it to food and oxygen. H2O + CO2 + E  C6H12O6+ O2

11. Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + C6H12O6water  + + oxygen Energy (ATP) reactants products

12. Heterotrophs – organisms that can’t perform photosynthesis So how do heterotrophs get their food?

13. How do cells get energy from food? Respiration – the process in which the mitochondria of cells takes food, adds it to oxygen, and changes it to water, carbon dioxide, and energy C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + E

14. Respiration C6H12O6 carbon dioxide +  + water oxygen + Energy (ATP)

15. Respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

16. AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Cellular respiration that takes place with oxygen present ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION – energy can be taken from food without oxygen present

17. WHAT IS FERMENTATION? • Fermentation is the creation of energy without using oxygen • Example: marathon running… lactic acid and yeast cells

18. Chapter 2 – The Cell In Action Section 3 – The Cell Cycle

19. The Cell Cycle • The DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells gets rolled into long rods called chromosomes • In order for each cell to divide (reproduce) the DNA must get copied to make 2 new complete cells through a process called mitosis

20. Chromosomes • Make up of our DNA • Tight coils or rod like structures • Humans have 46 chromosomes of DNA in EVERY single cell

22. Interphase • cell is not dividing • cell is growing, performing respiration, producing, photosynthesizing, doing whatever functions it is supposed to do • At some point, the cell can’t diffuse fast enough and that signals the end of interphase • At the very end of interphase, the chromatin makes an exact copy of itself in a process called DNA replication.

23. Interphase

24. Mitosis The part of a cell’s life cycle when the cell divides it nuclear contents into 2 nuclei which are identical Mitosis consists of 4 steps: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

25. Prophase • all sub-cellular organelles disappear • centrioles separate and move to opposite poles • chromatin become chromosomes • centrioles shoot off spindlefibers (short and long)

26. 1-Prophase

27. chromosomes line up at the equator Metaphase

28. 2-Metaphase

29. Anaphase • centromere splits • sister chromatids attach to the short spindle fibers • short spindle fibers shorten and bring the sister chromatids to opposite poles.

30. 3-Anaphase

31. Telophase • chromatids become chromatin (one at each pole) • spindle disappears • subcellular organelles reappear

32. 4-Telophase

33. Cytokinesis • The part of a cell’s life cycle when the cytoplasm divides into 2 cells which are identical

34. Plant and Animal Cytokinesis Plant cell-cell plate Animal cell-cleavage furrow

35. Cytokinesis-mitosis is done! • Last stage of cellular reproduction, the cell cycle • Cytoplasm splits apart, there are 2 new identical cells

36. Cytokinesis in Animal Cells • Cell membrane pinches in at equator • Cell membrane pinches in at equator

37. Cytokinesis in Plant Cells • Cell plate forms at equator and grows out to the cell wall

38. Interphase

39. Prophase

40. Metaphase

41. Anaphase

42. Telophase

43. Prophase

44. Metaphase

45. Anaphase

46. Telophase

47. Interphase

48. Prophase

49. Metaphase

50. Anaphase