Exploring American History Unit VII- The Beginning of Modern America Chapter 23 Section 4 Establishing Peace

1. Exploring American HistoryUnit VII- The Beginning of Modern AmericaChapter 23 Section 4Establishing Peace

2. Establishing Peace • The Big Idea • The United States and the victorious Allied Powers clashed over postwar plans. • Main Ideas • The costs of war included millions of human lives as well as financial burdens. • President Woodrow Wilson and European leaders met to work out a peace agreement. • The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.

3. The German Surrender & the End of the War (01:03)

4. Casualties Allied: 5 million soldiers dead American: 116,000 soldiers dead; 200,000 soldiers wounded Central Powers: 3.5 million soldiers dead Russia and Germany had the highest death tolls. Financial Losses $30 billion in property destroyed Factories and farms throughout Europe in ruins Allies: $145 billion spent Central Powers: $63 billion spent European nations deeply in debt Main Idea 1:The costs of war included millions of human lives as well as financial burdens.

5. The Costs of War • Analyze- How many soldiers died from the Central Powers and the Allies combined in World War I? • Draw Conclusions- Which side lost more money? • Elaborate- What effect did the influenza epidemic have on American Health?

6. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 (02:38)

7. Influenza Epidemic • In 1918, a worldwide epidemic of influenza, or flu, broke out. • Extremely contagious • Deadly • Spread by air • No known cure • Spread by American soldiers to civilians and then to Europe and beyond. • 30 million people died from the virus worldwide. • 800,000 Americans died • Changed life in the United States • In Chicago, the flu more than doubled the death rate. • Quarantines were implemented in some states. • Many cities banned public gatherings, including school classes.

8. The Great Influenza- Spanish Flu Pandemic • In the spring of 1918 large numbers of soldiers in the trenches in France became ill. The soldiers complained of a sore throat, headaches and a loss of appetite. Although it appeared to be highly infectious, recovery was rapid and doctors gave it the name of 'three-day fever'. At first doctors were unable to identify the illness but eventually they decided it was a new strain of influenza. • The soldiers gave it the name Spanish Flu but there is no evidence that it really did originate from that country. In fact, in Spain they called it French Flu. Others claimed that the disease started in the Middle Eastern battlefields, whereas others blamed it on China and India. • Other notions of this strain of influenza's origin contained less-politically charged, but equally specious logic. According to one theory, poison gases used in the war, air charged with carbon dioxide from the trenches, and gases formed from decomposing bodies and exploding munitions had all fused to form a highly toxic vapor that flu victims had inhaled. Among the other causes advanced were: air stagnation, coal dust, fleas, the distemper of cats and dogs, and dirty dishwater. A recent study argued that the disease was brought to the Western Front by a group of USA soldiers from Kansas. It originally most likely came from animals.

9. The Great Influenza- Spanish Flu Pandemic • The USA was also very badly affected by the virus. By September a particularly virulent strain began to sweep through the country. By early December about 450,000 Americans had died of the disease. • The country that suffered most was India. The first cases appeared in Bombay in June 1918. The following month deaths were being reported in Karachi and Madras. With large numbers of India's doctors serving with the British Army the country was unable to cope with the epidemic. Some historians claim that between June 1918 and July 1919 over 16,000,000 people in India died of the virus. • It has been estimated that throughout the world over 70 million people died of the influenza pandemic. In India alone, more people died of influenza than were killed all over the world during the entire 1st World War.

10. 1918: Paris Celebrates Victory and Sends the Troops Home – 2:35

11. Main Idea 2: President Woodrow Wilson and European leaders met to work out a peace agreement. • President Woodrow Wilson developed plans for a postwar peace agreement. • Known as the Fourteen Points • Called for the creation of League of Nations, an international assembly of nations. • European leaders disagreed with Wilson’s vision. • Wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war • Wanted to prevent Germany from ever again becoming a world power

12. End secret alliances Encourage free shipping Remove barriers to trade Reduce armies and navies Resolve colonial claims Support the right of people to choose their own government Settle border disputes Establish the League of Nations Key Goals of the Fourteen Points

14. Paris Peace Conference American and European leaders met at the Paris Peace Conference, held at the palace of Versailles, near Paris No representatives from Russia or the Central Powers attended. • Allied leaders demanded that Germany • Accept complete blame for the war • Make reparations, or payments for war damages • Give up large parts of its territory Wilson reluctantly agreed to this peace agreement, the Treaty of Versailles.

15. The delegates arrived at the Peace Conference with competing needs and desires. • Independence • Leaders of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia wanted to build new nations. • Poland, divided between Germany and Russia, wantedone nation. • Ho Chi Minh worked at the Paris Ritz hotel and asked France to free Vietnam. • Better World • President Wilson had a vision of a better world. • He wanted nations to deal with each other openly and trade with each other fairly. • Wanted countries to reduce their arsenal of weapons • Revenge • Many Allies wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war. • Georges Clemenceau accused Germany of tyrannical conduct, exemplified by the huge loss of life and the continued suffering of veterans. Conflicting Needs at the Peace Conference

16. The Peace Agreement • Identify- What leaders from which countries attended the Paris Peace Conference? • Explain- What two things did European leaders want to do to Germany? • Evaluate- Do you agree with the reparations to be paid by Germany/ Why or why not?

17. The Peace Agreement • Recall- Which organization would work out problems after the treaty was signed? • Evaluate- Why might the formation of the League of Nations have been a good idea?

18. The Treaty of Versailles • German reparations of $33 billion • Established the League of Nations • Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia became independent nations. • Poland was restored as a nation • Central Powers turned over their colonies to the League of Nations. • Central Powers nations broken up

19. Main Idea 3: The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles. • U.S. Constitution states that treaties must be ratified by at least two-thirds of the Senate. • Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate. • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge wanted the winners to set the terms of the peace and demanded changes. • Republicans were worried about the League of Nations’ power to use military force. • On November 19, 1919, the Senate voted and the Treaty of Versailles was defeated. • The United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

20. Wilson Tours America • Wilson refused to compromise with reservationists and took his case directly to the American people, traveling 8,000 miles in 22 days. • In 32 major speeches, Wilson urged the public to pressure Republican senators into ratifying the treaty, warning of serious consequences if world nations didn’t work together. • Wilson’s heavy touring schedule weakened him, and after suffering a stroke in October 1919, he cut himself off from friends and allies. • In September 1919, Senator Lodge presented a treaty to the U.S. Senate including a list of 14 reservations, or concerns about the Treaty of Versailles. • Wilson was unwilling to compromise, and the Senate rejected Lodge’s treaty on Wilson’s instructions. • After Wilson left office in 1921, the U.S. signed separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, and Germany, but never joined the League of Nations. • Without U.S. participation, the League’s ability to keep world peace was uncertain.

21. Versailles Treaty Rejected • Recall- What interrupted Wilson’s treaty support tour? • Describe- What did Wilson do to pressure Republican senators to vote for the treaty? • Evaluate- Do you think it was important for the United States to retain total control of its military forces?

22. Peace, Diplomacy, and Reparation (06:51)

23. Woodrow Wilson's Last Days (02:59)

25. Imperialism Events

26. Economic • WWI devastated European economies, giving the U.S. the economic lead. • The U.S. still faced problems such as inflation, which left people struggling to afford ordinary items. • Farmers, whose goods were less in demand than during the war, were hit hard. • Political • The war led to the overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Turkey. • It contributed to the rise of the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in 1917. • It fanned the flames of revolts against colonialism in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. • Social • The war killed 14 million people and left 7 million men disabled. • The war drew more than a million women into the U.S. workforce, which helped them pass the Nineteenth Amendment to get the vote. • It also encouraged African Americans to move to northern cities for factory work. The Impact of World War I