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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. The Civilizations of Asia & Africa. India. Like many other civilizations we’ve studied, India also developed around rivers. Indus River Ganges River. Indus River. Indus River Valley Civilization. The Indus River Valley civilization began around 2300 B.C.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 The Civilizations of Asia & Africa

  2. India

  3. Like many other civilizations we’ve studied, India also developed around rivers. • Indus River • Ganges River Indus River

  4. Indus River Valley Civilization • The Indus River Valley civilization began around 2300 B.C. • MohenjoDaro and Harappa -leading cities. • Elaborate drainage & sewer systems. • Traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia. • Ended suddenly.

  5. Indus River Valley – Aryans 1500-500 BC • The Aryan people migrated from Central Asia to the Indus River Valley around 1500 BC. • They established Sanskrit as the language of India. • Vedas – religious literature of the Aryans which give us information about this culture.

  6. Features of Indian Society • Joint Family • Small village lifestyle • Caste • Brahmans - priests • Rulers • Merchants and traders • Sudras – servants and serfs • Untouchables

  7. Religion & the Indian Way of Life • Hinduism • Reincarnation, Wheel of Life • Brahman – great god who is part of everything in the universe • polytheistic • Built on works & moral behavior

  8. Religion & the Indian Way of Life • Buddhism – • Siddhartha Gautama – 563-483BC appx. • Four Noble Truths • Suffering as part of existence • Cause of suffering - selfish desires • Overcome suffering by eliminating selfish desires • Follow the 8-fold path to destroy selfish desires and end all suffering.

  9. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are religions based on works. When one becomes “good enough” he can achieve eternal peace.

  10. Lack of Political Unity • Mauryan empire – took over after Alexander’s army withdrew from India. • Chandragupta Maurya – 1st Empire in India • Asoka – grandson, conquerer who became a Buddhist • Gupta empire – era of prosperity & achievement • Literature, math, science, medicine, astronomy • Collapsed because of attacks of the Huns. • Muslims took northern India. • Hostilities still exist between Muslims & Hindus.

  11. China

  12. China • Called “Middle Kingdom” – center of the earth • Most populous country in the world • One of the world’s oldest civilizations • Two major rivers: • Huang He (Yellow River) • Yangtze

  13. China • Isolation due to geographic barriers • Himalayan Mountains • Pacific Ocean • Gobi Desert

  14. China – societal features • Strong family ties – ancestor worship (pg 154) • Language – Characters based on pictures • represent ideas • Tonal • 65,000 characters

  15. China – societal features • Learning • A “Scholar’s World” • Scholar’s Goal: A career in government service • Civil service examinations

  16. China – thought & life • Confucianism • K’ung Fu-tzu 551-479 BC appx. • The Master • A Teacher • Through proper conduct a man can solve his problems. • Five basic human relationships to strive for harmony and order: • Father/son • Elder/younger brothers • Husband/wife • Friend/friend • Ruler/subject • What’s missing?

  17. China – thought & life • Taoism • Lao-tsu 604-531 BC appx. • Tao = The Way • Find peace and happiness by living in harmony with nature. • Stop striving for power, wealth, learning. • Adopt a simple way of life.

  18. China – thought & life • Confucianists strive for improved government, laws, and education, while Taoists minimize external authority and involvement in society.

  19. China’s Dynastic History • Create Time line posters illustrating the Chinese dynasties. • Shang • Chou • Ch’in • Han • T’ang • Sung

  20. Chinese contributions • Silk • Porcelain • Printing, block printing and moveable type • Paper • Ink • Magnetic compass • Gunpowder

  21. Japan

  22. Japan • Island nation • All together about the size of California • Fewer written records than China • Oral tradition-myths and legends

  23. Japan • Clans - family groups • Chieftain – political and religious leader • Clans fought each other.

  24. Japan • 5th century – One clan gained dominance • Yamato on the island of Honshu • Jimmy Tenno – legendary first emperor of Japan. • Yamatos claim they are descended from Jimmy Tenno. • Later all emperors claimed descent from Jimmy Tenno. • Therefore, Japan has one ruling imperial family.

  25. Japan • Religion – Shintoism • “The way of the gods” • Originally nature worship • Became a religion of feeling, love for one’s homeland, loyalty to one’s clan, and reverence for one’s emperor.

  26. Influence of China on Japan • Chinese invaded in 5th – 8th centuries. • Cultural invasion: ideas, art, learning • Chinese writing system • Buddhism • Weights & measures • Medical practices, calendar, furniture and dress, architecture

  27. The Great Change - Taika • Modeled government on the Chinese T’ang Dynasty. • Stronger emperor • Civil service system • Judicial code • Tax system • Power actually rested in the hands of several powerful families. Example: The Fujiwara – married their daughters into the royal family…forced to abdicate.

  28. Rise of the Samurai • Corruption & bankruptcy • Disorder • Strong military CLANS • SHOGUN – great general 1192-1868

  29. Samurai • Samurai (bushi) – Warrior Class • Bushido – military code, loyalty, duty, honor, justice, courage, sincerity, and politeness • Hara-kiri

  30. The Mongols

  31. The Mongols • The Mongol people came from the north of China, known today as Mongolia.

  32. The Mongols • In the 13th Century, the Mongols united the people of central Asia and spread across Asia from China to Russia, south into the Byzantine territory and the Muslim territory. • Later then even invaded parts of India.

  33. The Mongols • In less than 100 years, the Mongols had built the largest land empire in history.

  34. The Mongols • Their leader was Temujin, later known as Genghis Khan, who became his tribal leader at the age of 13 when his father was murdered. (1162 AD) • Genghis Khan means “universal ruler.” • He was one of the greatest conquerors in history. • (See map page 167.)

  35. The Mongols • The Mongols were fearsome warriors who terrorized the people they conquered. • They sometimes massacred entire populations as an example to those yet to be conquered, that resistance was futile. • The Mongols left fear, destruction, and death in their wake.

  36. The Mongols • Despite the Mongols’ brutality, they allowed the conquered peoples to keep their own religions. • Many Mongols even converted to the religions of the people they conquered, especially Islam.

  37. The Mongols • After Genghis Khan died, the Mongols continued to advance. • Finally the empire became too large for one ruler to manage, and it broke up into separate Mongol states, ruled by Mongol generals, usually descendants of Genghis Khan.

  38. The Mongols • Several states that developed out of the vast Mongolian empire were • China • Russia • Central Asia • India

  39. The Mongols • The Yuan Dynasty in China (1279-1368) • The Great Wall of China could not stop the Mongols from invading China. • Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, a learned a wise ruler, began the conquest of China. • Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty.

  40. Mongols – Yuan Dynasty • Kublai Khan moved the capital of China to Cambaluc, modern day Beijing. • He built roads, invited missionaries, scholars, artists, merchants, and engineers from all over the world to China so he could learn from them. • Marco Polo, the Italian trader, lived in China and served the Khan for 17 years. (1271-1288 AD)

  41. Mongols – Yuan Dynasty • After Kublai Khan died, the empire started to weaken because the Chinese resented foreign rule. • They eventually rebelled, and in 1368, they drove the Mongols back to Mongolia.

  42. Russia & the Golden Horde • Batu Khan, another grandson of Genghis, led the Mongols into Europe, attacking Russia, Hungary, and Poland. • The Europeans called the Mongols “Tartars,” the Greek word for hell. • They were called the Golden Horde because the Russians described their camps as “a camp of shining tents.”

  43. Russia & the Golden Horde • Under the Mongols, the city of Moscow grew and became the capital of Russia. • Moscow was at the intersection of major rivers and was a crossroads for trade and communication. • Russia’s leaders cooperated with the Mongols.

  44. Russia & the Golden Horde • By the late 14th century, the Russian princes challenged the Mongol rulers and Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Mongols. • In 1480, the Russians again were in control and Moscow became the political and religious capital of the new state.

  45. Tamerlane • “Timur the Lame” began a new wave of Mongol invasions in the late 14th century. • He conquered Baghdad, Damascus, part of Asia Minor (Ottoman Turks), and invaded southern Russia. • Then he invaded India and crushed the city of Delhi in 1398. • He died before he could launch an invasion of China.

  46. Mughal Empire in India • The Indians called the Mongols “Mughals.” • India had been able to resist Mongol attacks until the 16th century when Babur “the Tiger” captured Delhi and established the Mughal dynasty (1526). • He brought law and order, increased Indian unity, and fostered art and architecture. • Akbar, a Mughal Muslim, was tolerant of other religions and gained the support of the Hindus.

  47. Africa

  48. AFRICA • Second largest continent • Covers 1/5 of the earth’s land surface

  49. Africa • The continent of the Egyptians & Carthaginians • Muslims took control of North Africa.

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