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Safety : Write down 3 safety procedures to follow in class. Scientific Method : P-G-H-E-O-C-R

Safety : Write down 3 safety procedures to follow in class. Scientific Method : P-G-H-E-O-C-R List the 7 steps of the scientific method: Problem Gather info Hypothesis Experiment Observation Conclusion Repeat. 3. Define : Independent Variable

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Safety : Write down 3 safety procedures to follow in class. Scientific Method : P-G-H-E-O-C-R

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  1. Safety: Write down 3 safety procedures to follow in class. • Scientific Method: P-G-H-E-O-C-R List the 7 steps of the scientific method: • Problem • Gather info • Hypothesis • Experiment • Observation • Conclusion • Repeat

  2. 3. Define: • Independent Variable • The part of the experiment that changes in each setup • Dependent Variable • What is being measured

  3. 4. Example: Students wanted to investigate the effect of alcohol on seed growth. In order to test their idea they set up two identical containers filled with soil. In each container they planted 100 bean seeds. Both containers were placed in sunlight for 8 hours a day. Container A was given 50 mL of water daily and container B was given 30 mL of water and 20 mL of alcohol. The seed growth was measured weekly. • Independent Variable • Alcohol • Dependent Variable • Seed growth • Control Group • Container A

  4. 4. Example: Students wanted to investigate the effect of alcohol on seed growth. In order to test their idea they set up two identical containers filled with soil. In each container they planted 100 bean seeds. Both containers were placed in sunlight for 8 hours a day. Container A was given 50 mL of water daily and container B was given 30 mL of water and 20 mL of alcohol. The seed growth was measured weekly. • Experimental Group • Container B • 2 Constants • Type of seeds, type of soil, amount of soil, amount of sunlight, size of container, type of container

  5. Metric System K-H-Dk-U-D-C-M 5. Conversions: 1.) 1M = ____mm • 1000mm 2.) 1500 cm = ____ M • 15 m 3.) 6.782 hm = _____ km • 0.6782 km 4.) 4 Km = _____cm • 400000 cm

  6. Measurement: • Measuring length: meters  ruler/meter stick • Measuring mass: grams  triple beam balance • Measuring volume: liters  graduated cylinder • Volume: Also cm3  ruler (lxwxh) • Graduated Cylinder: measures volume: read the meniscus (middle)

  7. 6. Displacement: • The volume of water in a graduated cylinder is 62 ml. 6 marbles are placed into the graduated cylinder and the volume of the water is now 71 ml. What is the volume of the marbles? • 71-62 • 9 ml

  8. Microscope: 7. Know the parts & functions: Define: • Diaphragm: • Controls the amount of light used • Coarse adjustment knob: • Focusing under low power • Fine adjustment knob: • Focusing under high power and sharpening image

  9. 8. What parts of the microscope are used to focus a specimen under the microscope? • Coarse and fine adjustment knobs 9. What is the proper way to carry a microscope? • 2 hands, 1 under the base and 1 on the arm 10. What adjustment knob is used under low power? • Coarse 11. Which adjustment knob is used under high power? • Fine 12. Why can’t you use the coarse adjustment knob under high power? • You can break the lens or the slide. 13. What is the function of the microscope? • To magnify a specimen.

  10. 14. How does an image look under the microscope? • Upside down and backwards 15. How do you move the slide if you want the image to move to the left and down? • To the right and up 16. What is used to make the image more visible under the microscope? • Add stain to the specimen. 17. Why must the image be centered before switching to high power? • If it’s not centered, the image will not be seen when switched to high power.

  11. 18. What is field of view? • What you see when you look in the microscope. 19. Low power: FOV = • Greater/larger (see more of the slide) 20. High power: FOV = • Smaller (see less of the slide but close up)

  12. 21. Microscope measurement: 1 mm = 1000 um • 5 mm = ______ um • 5000 um • 2000 um = ______ mm • 2 mm

  13. A. Eyepiece/ocular lens 22. Label the parts of the microscope: B. Fine adjustment E C. mirror/light source D. Objective lens E. Coarse adjustment F. Diaphragm F

  14. 23. Cells: Define each organelle • Nucleus: • Controls the cell • Cell Membrane: • Surrounds the cell, semi-permeable (controls what goes into and out of the cell) • Cytoplasm: • Surrounds and holds organelles in place • Mitochondria: • Carries out respiration (makes energy)

  15. ER: • Channels in the cytoplasm that transport material • Golgi Bodies/Apparatus: • Packages and ships materials out of the cell • Ribosomes: • Produces proteins • Vacuole: • Stores materials

  16. Organelles only found in Plant Cells: • Cell Wall: • Surrounds the cell, give the cell its shape • Chloroplasts: • Carry out photosynthesis

  17. Organelles only found in Animal Cells: • Centrioles: • Help with cell division • Lysosomes: • Contain enzymes that break down materials

  18. A • 24. Label the Cell Diagrams: B C D E E F A. Cell membrane D. Centrioles B. Nucleus E. Mitochondria C. Chloroplast F. Cell wall

  19. 25. Cell Transport • Passive Transport: • High  low, with CG, no energy needed • Active Transport: • Low  high, against CG, energy needed

  20. 26. Examples of Passive Transport • Diffusion: • Movement of all materials except water from high  low • Osmosis: • Diffusion of water

  21. 27. Draw a picture of an animal cell placed in salt water. Water leaves the cell

  22. 28. Draw a picture of an plant cell placed in distilled water. Water enters the cell

  23. 29. Define terms: • Classification: • Putting living things into groups according to structure • Binomial nomenclature: • Naming an organism • Genus species

  24. 30. Describe each Kingdom & give examples for each: • 1. Moneran • Unicellular, prokaryotic, some heterotrophic, some autotrophic • Bacteria, blue green algae • 2. Protists • Unicellular, eukaryotic, some heterotrophic, some autotrophic • Ameba, paramecium, algae

  25. 3. Fungi • Mostly multicellular, heterotrophic • Mold, mushrooms, yeast • 4. Plants • Multicellular, autotrophic • Trees, ferns, grass • 5. Animals • Multicellular, heterotrophic • Humans, insects, fish

  26. 31. List the 7 levels of classification in order of broadest to most specific: • 1. Kingdom • 2. Phylum • 3. Class • 4. Order • 5. Family • 6. Genus • 7. Species

  27. 32. pH scale (Strong base) (Strong acid) 14 1 7 Basic Acid Neutral (OH-, bitter) (H+, sour, corrosive) Examples: soap Examples: lemons, HCl

  28. 33. Physical Change: give 2 examples • Melting, freezing, cutting, ripping, crushing • 34. Chemical Change: give 2 examples • 1. Burning • 2. Rusting

  29. 35. Elements vs. Compounds • H2O • compound • CO2 • compound • Cl • element • Helium • element

  30. 36. Phase changes: Define 1. Freezing • Liquid  solid 2. Melting • Solid  liquid 3. Evaporation • Liquid  gas 4. Condensation • Gas  liquid

  31. 37. Using circles to represent molecules, draw a diagram for the phases listed below.

  32. Periodic Table 38. How are elements arranges on the periodic table? Atomic number 39. Know the location of the groups/families, & periods in the PT.

  33. 40. Know the location of the 4 main categories of elements: Describe each category. 1. Metals Left of zig zag line Malleable (hammered) Dcutile (wires) Good conductors Luster (shiny)

  34. 2. Nonmetals Right of zig zag line Brittle (break) Poor conductors Dull (no luster)

  35. 3. Metalloids • 2 sides touching zig-zag line except Al & Po • Properties of both metals and nonmetals 4. Noble Gases • Group 18 • Nonreactive/Inert (don’t combine)

  36. 41. What are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom and explain where they are located. 1. Electrons Outside nucleus, negative charge 2. Protons Inside nucleus, positive charge 3. Neutrons Inside nucleus, no charge/neutral

  37. 42. Which subatomic particles make up the atomic number? # of protons = # of electrons 43. What subatomic particles make up the atomic mass/mass number? # of protons + # of neutrons

  38. 43. Periodic Table • Which element is located in Period 4, Group 16? • Selenium 2. What 2 elements are most chemically similar? • O & F or F & Cl

  39. 3. Write the chemical symbol for the element that has 30 protons in its atom. Zn 4. What is the atomic number for fluorine? 9 5. What is the atomic mass for Fluorine? 19

  40. 6. What is the number of protons in Fluorine? 9 7. What is the number of electrons in Fluorine? 9 8. What is the number of neutrons in Fluorine? 19-9 = 10

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