Approaches and History of Psychology

1. Approaches and History of Psychology

2. 1.1 Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as well as our relationships with others. Definition of Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

3. Psychological Needs are things like love, comfort, security • Physiological Needs are physical Needs are things you have to have like food, water, sleep.

4. 4 Goals of Psychology: • 1. Description: the kid at the candy aisle is having a melt down. • 2. Explanation:he wants the pretty candy • 3. Prediction:He will get the candy • 4. Influence: • Wal-Mart knows that moms have already lost patience with their kids by the time they get to the checkout line so they put the candy there to get the kids to wear mom down to buy the candy.

5. 1. Description Learning about psychology can help you gain… • a better understanding of your own behavior. • knowledge about how psychologists study human and animal behavior. • practical applications for enriching your life. fotosearch.com Example: The child throws a fit every time he goes to Wal-Mart and his mom says no by the candy aisle.

6. 2. Explanation Psychology is Empiricalthat means information is obtained through observation and experimentation not common sense or guessing. http://lewweb.net/science/images/SMflowchart.jpeg moisiadis.com

7. By accumulating knowledge we are able to predict what people or animals will do or think in certain situations and predict future behaviors. 3. Prediction

8. 4. Influence • Scientist seek to influence behavior in helpful ways. knychfamily.blogspot.com Chains like Wal-mart have done these scientific observations and place candy as you check out because when your kid is screaming sometimes it is easier to just buy the candy bar.

9. There are two types of science that influences psychology.

10. Last point: Psychology is a behavioral science. Psychologists rely on the scientific method to obtain their data.

11. Empirical Science: knowldegeorginates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation • The scientific method is used to reduce errors and biases. • A theory is a proposed explanation. In Psychology we will be studying different theories. • Hypothesis is an educated guess. Relationship between variables

12. Pseudoscience • Greek for “False Science” Examples: Horoscopes, Astrology, Phrenology 24medialabs.com scienceandsociety.emory.edu

13. Chapter 1.2: History of Psychology Aristotle and Plato (384-322 BCE.) Started asking how the mind and the body were related?? Were the separate or related?? • Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? en.wikipedia.org The Greeks

14. Rene Descartes “I think therefore I am” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaKLrqxC70c plato.stanford.edu

15. Dualism: the concept of the mind and body are separate and distinct. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEr8hnvzeHU

16. Getting closer to Modern Psychology… • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Theory of natural selection (1859) • Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry • Very controversial

17. John Locke One of his major contributions was to the field of psychology and he is often called the “Father of English Psychology.” In the essay, Locke proposes that we are all born with certain knowledge and principles that helps us to become part of society. The theory known as Tabula Rasa meaning white sheets helps explain development.  He states that it is through experience, of the world around us, this is how one forms ideas.  He further states that human knowledge is gathered in 2 distinct ways through sensation and reflection.

18. Okay Psychology is going to go through a transition. It actually goes through several transitions to brace for the ride. (Epcot)

19. Who’s Your Daddy??? Wilhelm Wundt is the father of Psychology 3 Things you need to remember about your daddy: 1. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Germany. 2. Changed psychology from a philosophy to a science. 3. Studied introspection. Introspectionmeans looking within yourself. How do you feel about this or that. How does that rose make you feel?

20. Structuralism vs. Broke down consciousness to basic thoughts. Introspection - self-observation of one’s own conscious experiences Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure Leaned toward applied work (natural surroundings) Environment William James (1842-1910)

21. William James What you have two daddies? Yes, one is your American Daddy. Known as the Father of American Psychology. You also need to know he wrote the 1st Psychology Book.

22. Phrenology Phrenology led scientists to study the bumps on the head to determine human behavior Phrenology is considered a pseudoscience (False Science) sparkmuseum.com

23. Gestalt Psychology “The whole is different than the sum of its parts.” Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) alexbinetti.wordpress.com

24. Can you read this? This is bcuseae the huammnmniddeos not raederveylteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?

25. What is it?? We like to fill in the gaps so that we see objects as wholes.

26. Contemporary Psychology • Psychology’s Perspectives • A lot depends on your viewpoint • You have 7 to remember: • Psychoanalysis • Cognitive • Behavioral • Biological • Socio-cultural • Humanistic • evolutionary

27. Evolutionary Perspective • Focuses on Darwinism. • We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. • Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

28. Psychodynamic Psychologypg. 18 Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis NOT psychology!!!! • Also called Psychoanalytic. • Study of unconscious motives and conflicts that determine behavior. • Unconsciousare motives that you are not aware of. For instance if someone with brown hair rejects you, then you might not talk to people with that color hair. • Conscious are motives that you are aware of.

29. Psychoanalytic Psychologypg. 18 • Study of unconscious motives and conflicts that determine behavior. • Freud used the technique called free association He would say a word and you would say the first word that popped in your head and he would then analysis what is going on in your unconscious. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz80yYvnWg4

30. Cognitive Approach Cognition is the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing & using information Cognitive Psychologists return to the study of learning, memory, perception, language, development & problem solvingExample: Is your boyfriend dumping you traumatic or do you just think it is therefore you are depressed? Or..your ability to do math compared to a 5 year old. You can understand abstract thinking that goes along with statistics. child-development-guide.com sciencedaily.com

31. Cognitive Approach

32. Cognitive Approach JEAN PIAGET 1896 – 1980 • Worked in France administering Binet’s IQ test. • Children do not think like adults. Why? • Created 4 stages of cognitive ability that accurately explain the behavior of children. • Influenced teachers and school system.

33. Biological Approach Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. • Sample Issues • Depression and antidepressants. Problems with thyroids. • How are messages transmitted within the body? • How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

34. Behavioral Approach Scientific Psychology should focus on observable behavior. John Watson (1878-1958) B.F. Skinner http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4Rb9n_sQDg&feature=related Ivan Pavlov

35. Social-Cultural Approach Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. • Sample Issues • How are we, as members of different races and • nationalities, alike as members of one human family? • How do we differ, as products of different social contexts? • Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than • when alone?

36. Humanistic Approach • You have the potential to be great. • Self Actualization. • Feel Good approach. • Client Centered Therapy • Hierarchy of needs. Carl Rogers believed in “client centered therapy” Abraham Maslow came up with the Hierarchy of needs

37. Fields of Psychology Psychologist is someone who is trained to observe and influence behavior in people. Psychiatrist is a medical doctor that can prescribe medicine.

38. Elementary/ Secondary Schools 4.2% Universities & Colleges 27.2% Independent Practice 33.1% Hospitals, Counseling, Clinics, etc. 22.3% Business, Government or Consulting 12.1% Work In Psychology (?)

39. Psychology’s Three Big Debates Nature Versus Nurture Stability Versus Change Continuity Versus Discontinuity

40. Homework: • #1. Go to: • http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/apcreditpolicy/index.jsp • Find your college and print out on an 8 ½ by 11 sheet the following: • Your college you would like to attend • The AP score you need to get credit • How much a class cost at the college you would like to attend • How much an AP test is • Put this information in the front of the 3 ring binder you bring to school when we meet again. • #2. Read chapter 1, begin making your note cards, finish up your mind map