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WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer

WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer. Collection & Transport. Efficient collection and transport system must consider : Size of the waste collection area Economic structure Consumption habits Building area specifications

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WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer

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  1. WORKPACKAGE 4 • Collection & Transport • O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer

  2. Collection & Transport • Efficient collection and transport system must consider: • Size of the waste collection area • Economic structure • Consumption habits • Building area specifications • Demands of the users • Choice of a suitable collection system 40 –70% of the waste disposal costs

  3. Collection system • Collection method • Container systems • Waste vehicles • Staff Diverse structures in the collection area often require several collection systems Transport system • Direct regional transport • Transfer station • Transport out of the region Related to the situation combination of different transport systems may be necessary

  4. Decisions to take • What to collect • Collection system • Transport system

  5. What should be collected separately? • Waste fractions • Paper • Glass • Light fraction • Metals • Bio-waste • Green waste • WEEE • Hazardous waste • . • . • . • Important pre-condition for the decision: • Waste quantities • Waste composition • Development of waste • quantities during the last • decade • Decision influences: • Costs • Environmental aspects • National law • EC regulations (packaging, • landfill, WEEE directives) • Market aspects

  6. How should the waste be collected? Kerbside system • Bring system • Central collection points • Civic amenity sites

  7. Decision for bring or kerbside collection

  8. Collectable amounts according to the system Central collection points:

  9. Civic amenity site: • The amounts collected highly depend on the location • central • easy to reach • clean

  10. Kerbside collection paper/ glass: Paper potential 1992: 60kg/c*a Glass potential 1992: 39 kg/c*a

  11. Kerbside collection bio-waste [kg/c*a]

  12. What method should be used Containers to be emptied: Normally used for household waste and similar to household waste collection One way bags: Often used for textiles and light weight fraction Collection not using bins/bags Suitable for bulky waste collection Containers to be changed: Mostly used for industrial/commercial waste

  13. What kind of containers are suitable Decision criteria for container systems: • Economy (different container sizes, number of loaders, efficiency) • Physical strains of the workers • Hygiene • Building area aspects • Users concerns (fees, comfort, space)

  14. Kerbside collection • Dustbins • 35 l to 110 l • no wheels • high physical strains • need much time for • collection • Large refuse containers • 60 l to 5000 l • wheeled • easy to move (safety standard for workers) • standardized for automatic or hydraulic lifter systems • large containers to be lifted automatically by the • driver or by the help of loaders Bring systems Containers from about 800 to 4000 litres, normally emptied into trucks with special loading equipment

  15. Systems for separate collection Integrated systems: separated waste and residual waste are collected at the same time with different bins or two - chamber bins in a two - or multi - chamber waste truck • minimum truck traffic • high invest costs (trucks) • economically sound • collection Alternating systems: separated waste and residual waste are collected alternating • reduced truck traffic • no special trucks needed • reduced flexibility for • collection frequency Additive systems: separated waste is collected additional to the residual waste • high truck traffic • high collection costs • many fractions can be • collected separately • high collection flexibility

  16. Kind and number of containers needed • Decisions already taken: • what to collect • kerbside and/ or bring system • collection method • Additive, alternating or integrated • system Decisions to take • to collect one or several fractions • in one bin • to use two- (multi-) chambered bins • to use several mono bins • obligatory or voluntary collection for • the different fractions Container volume required

  17. To calculate the required container volume needs: • Probable amount to be collected per capita and year • (bring/ kerbside) • Number of people connected (obligatory/ voluntary • collection) • Volume weights of the fractions to be collected per bin

  18. Volume weight of different fractions and containers in Stuttgart Stuttgart container volume provided needed Residual waste: 42 litres/c*w 25 litres/c*w Bio-waste: 7 litres/c*w 4.5 litres/c*w Paper: 17 litres/c*w 14 litres/c*w

  19. Central collection points Calculation of the volume needed per year

  20. Containers neededfor collection • Decisions to take: • collection frequency • container sizes • 1 container size but different collection intervals • different container sizes according to different building • areas (1 family houses to high rise buildings)

  21. Collection vehicles • Collection vehicles: • Chassis + driver cabin • Body with waste storage chamber and compaction aggregate • Lifter system must be combined according to the specific requirements • Chassis: 2 or 3 axles chassis • collection area (inner-city, suburbs) • amount to be collected within one tour • kind of waste collected (loading capacity)

  22. Compactionprinciples: Rotary drum Packer body with pressing plates • very good crushing and • compaction of the waste • not suitable for waste that is • collected to be recycled • very good waste compaction • suitable for all kinds of waste

  23. Lifter systems • lifter pick-ups • comb • diamond • swivel-arm • lifter systems for 2 containers until 240 litres • lifters for two smaller and one large container • lifters for all container sizes • lifters for two-chamber containers and vehicles 2 container until 360 or 1 container of 1100 liters From 80 - 5,000 litres Two chamber container lifter

  24. Loader systems Rear loader Side loader Front loader The loader systems can be combined with the various chassis, compaction and lifter systems

  25. Side loader • particularly for suburb areas • safe and quick loading • right wheeled • driver watches the emptying • pressing during driving • driver is loader (1 worker only • needed) • containers can also be emptied • without leaving the driver cabin • reduced accident risks

  26. Front loader • especially for large containers • safe and quick loading • driver watches the emptying • pressing during driving • driver is loader (1 worker only • needed) • containers can also be emptied • without leaving the driver cabin • reduced accident risks The “Fast Eater”

  27. Comparison between a rear and side loader Both vehicles made the same tour emptying 80, 120 and 240 litres bins Invest costs. Rear loader: 260,000 DM Side loader: 340,000 DM Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both Costs per minute: Rear loader: 1.02 DM/minute Side loader: 1.17 DM/minute

  28. Result

  29. Comparison between a rear and front loader Emptying of 5 m³ containers Invest costs. Rear loader: 260,000 DM Front loader: 300,000 DM Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both Emptying time: Rear loader: 4.36 minutes Front loader: 1.56 minutes Costs per minute: Rear loader: 1.02 DM/minute Front loader: 1.09 DM/minute

  30. Result

  31. Vehicle body: 2 principle systems Fixed body: Chassis and body are fixed • Demountable container system: • chassis and body can be separated • separation of collection and transportation • the full demountable container is • deposited at a transfer point, an empty • container is picked up • thus waste collection vehicles can return • immediately and continue on their • collection route

  32. Collection service Full service Loaders take the bins out of the properties for collection and bring the emptied bins back Especially in inner-city areas and for large bins Cost intensive as more loaders or more time are needed No full service Inhabitants take their bins to the street and bring the emptied bins back

  33. Stuttgart • Several valleys • Some hills • From 207-550 m About 45% of the city require increased efforts for waste collection

  34. Area [km²] Inhabitants Inner-city 48 185,841 Suburbs 160 365,615 Total 208 551,456 Population

  35. Waste collection in Stuttgart • Responsible departments of Stuttgart authority: • Department of waste (1st step of going private) • Environmental department (sewage sludge, landfill planning) • Park and cemetery department (green waste composting)

  36. Regulations: Packaging Ordinance (1991): Packaging manufacturers and distributors must take back their packages for recycling Companies from the packaging and consumer goods industry founded the DSD system Financed by licensing the trademark “the green dot” to fillers, packers, importers For each packaging the consumer pays a small amount

  37. Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management and Ensuring Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal Waste, must firstly be avoided especially by reducing its amount and noxiousness must secondly be subjected to substance recycling or used to obtain energy

  38. Responsibilities of waste collection What Stuttgart collects separately Glass Light fraction (packaging) Paper Bio-waste Residual waste 1 firm 3 firms Collected by the authority Green waste For DSD system Collection association of 6 firms Textiles WEEE Hazardous waste Charity organisations

  39. Kerbside Paper every 3 weeks obligatory LWF every 3 weeks obligatory Residual waste weekly or obligatory every 2 weeks (biowaste) Bio-waste weekly voluntary Green waste twice a year voluntary Bulky waste twice a year voluntary WEEE twice a year voluntary Textiles very often voluntary Bring system Glass container voluntary Hazardous waste special vehicle voluntary Textiles container voluntary

  40. Development of waste quantities

  41. Paper collection: obligatory Collection system: until 1990 bring since 1990 kerbside Collection frequency: every 3 weeks Service: full service Amount collected separately: 1995: 46,350 tons/a 82 kg/c*a 2000: 56,545 tons/a 97 kg/c*a Containers: 120 litres: 39,218 240 litres: 39,408 1100 litres: 14,962

  42. Staff: 1 driver/ 3 loaders for containers <360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for containers >360 litres 17 drivers and 38 loaders daily Containers emptied per loader*day: containers <360 litres 218 containers/loader*d containers >360 litres 94 containers/loader*d Transport distance to the recycling plant: 7 km (3 times per day) Daily km to drive per collection vehicle: 66 km Tons collected per collection vehicle and day: 14 tons

  43. Costs for paper collection and transport: Containers 41 DM/ton Loaders: 121 DM/ton Vehicle: 33 DM/ton Total: 195 DM/ton 19.1 % of the paper collected is packaging paper DSD pays the collection costs for the packaging paper

  44. Biowaste collection: voluntary Collection system: kerbside Collection frequency: weekly Service: no full service Amount collected separately: 1995: 590 tons/a (testing phase) 2000: 14,975 tons/a 102 kg/per inhabitant connected connected people: 146,838 Containers: 80 litres: 9,290 120 litres: 11,170 240 litres: 2,528

  45. Staff: 1 driver/ 1 loader 11 drivers and 11 loaders daily Containers emptied per loader*day: containers <360 litres 250 containers/loader*d Transport distance to composting plant: 40 km (demountable excel system) Daily km to drive per collection vehicle: 72 km Tons collected per collection vehicle*day: 9 tons Costs for bio-waste collection and transport: Containers: 19 DM/ton Driver: 19 DM/ton Loaders: 30 DM/ton Vehicle: 19 DM/ton Total: 87 DM/ton

  46. Light weight fraction: obligatory Collection in yellow bags (90 l volume, transparent) Collection frequency: every 3 weeks Service: no full service Responsibility is not with Stuttgart authority  3 firms of the collection association collect in different city districts Bags collected per vehicle/d: 2,687 bags/vehicle*d (Average of 40 cities with the same collection system) Amount collected separately: 1995: 7,724 tons/a 13.7 kg/c*a 2000: 6,800 tons/a 12.3 kg/c*a Staff: 1 driver 2 loaders

  47. Glass separately collected: voluntary Collection system: bring Responsibility is not with the Stuttgart authority 1 firm of the collection association collects in all city districts Amount collected separately: 1995: 14,816 tons/a 26 kg/c*a 2000: 15,901 tons/a 27 kg/c*a Container volume provided: 671 m³ green glass 661 m³ white glass 523 m³ brown glass Container quantity: 1030 containers: total 282 containers: 2.6 m³ 748 containers: 1.5 m³

  48. Green waste separately collected: voluntary Collection system: kerbside Collection frequency: twice a year (spring/autumn) (private households): Green waste total: 27,535 tons [47 kg/c*a] From the city (parks, zoo, cemeteries): ca. 12,000 tons (1995) From private households: 15,535 tons

  49. Hazardous waste sep. collected: voluntary Collection system: bring Collection frequency: 4-6 times/year Schadstoffmobil: 155 tons/a  0.3 kg/c*a (batteries, waste paint, solvents…) Costs for collection and transport: Driver: 850 DM/ton Chemist: 2,285 DM/ton Vehicle: 1,422 DM/ton Total: 5,295 DM/ton

  50. Textiles separately collected: voluntary Textiles and shoes by charity organisations (Red Cross, Johanniter,….) Bring systems and kerbside systems (minimum every month) No collection quantities available

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