Renaissance and Reformation

1. Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 17

2. Indulgences: A pardon releasing a person from punishment due to them for a sin. • Patrons: A person who supports artists, especially financially. • Utopia: An imaginary land described by Thomas Moore in his book Utopia, hence- an ideal place.

3. Annul: To cancel or put an end to. Literally means “to set aside” • Recant: To renounce formally one’s beliefs. • Anglican: relating to the Church of England

4. Protestant: A member of the Christian Church founded on the principles of the Reformation. • Lutheran: A member of the Christian church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther. • Act of Supremacy: Established the English monarch as head of the Church in England.

5. Key People • Leonardo da Vinci: He was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. He is most well known for the Mona Lisa and his use of perspective in The Last Supper. • Martin Luther: Former Catholic Monk who posted his 95 Theses and began the Protestant Reformation. The religion based on his teachings is called Lutheranism. • John Calvin: Believed that people were sinful by nature and that God predetermined who would achieve salvation. The religion based on his teachings is called Calvinism.

6. Key People • Henry VIII: English Monarch who had Parliament declare him the head of the church in England. Married 6 times and had 3 children. (Edward, Mary and Elizabeth) • Johann Gutenberg: Inventor of the printing press with moveable type. This invention made the spread of information easier and faster. First book printed was the Bible.

7. Edict of Worms: Issued by Charles V. Stated that Luther was an outlaw and a heretic. • Pope Leo X: The pope that threatened Luther with excommunication unless he recanted his statements against the Church. Luther didn’t recant and Leo excommunicated him. • Emperor Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Luther’s teachings and issued the Edict of Worms which made Luther an outlaw.

8. Catherine of Aragon: First wife of Henry VIII. Henry asked for an annulment of their marriage. Mary was her daughter. • Anne Boleyn: Second wife of Henry VIII. She was the mother of Elizabeth and was eventually charged with treason and incest and executed. • Elizabeth I: Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She restored England to Protestantism and established the Anglican Church. She defeated the Spanish armada when Phillip II tried to defeat her. • Edward VI: Henry VIII’s only surviving son. Became king at age 9 and ruled until he was 15. During his reign the Protestants gained power.

9. Why was Italy important to the Renaissance? • Italy had three advantages that fostered the Renaissance: • Thriving cities • Wealthy merchant class • The classical heritage of Greece and Rome. • They had access to Roman ruins and manuscripts from Constantinople.

10. Reasons for the Renaissance: • The renaissance was the rebirth of classical arts and learning.

11. Reasons for the Reformation • European merchants resented paying taxes to the Church. • Luther did not like the selling of indulgences. • People were tired of Church corruption.

12. What was the Council of Trent? • This was a Catholic meeting that decided: • The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. • Christians needed both faith and good works to achieve salvation. • The Bible and Church tradition were equal authorities in Christian life.

13. How was the invention of the printing press important to world history? What did it eventually lead to that changed world history? • The printing press made the spread of information easier. • Books began to be printed in the vernacular (local language) • The first book printed on Gutenberg’s printing press was the Bible.

14. What was significant about the peace of Augsburg? • This ended the war between Catholics and Protestant German Princes.

15. The rest of the 6 weeks exam will be review of concepts already covered. Remember to study for you can not retest a end of 6 weeks test. Good luck your test is Monday.