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Other than double and triple bonds, there are groups of elements which have special properties

III Functional Groups. Other than double and triple bonds, there are groups of elements which have special properties. Functional Group. - Group of atoms which give a hydrocarbon different properties. A. Alcohols. Many different types of alcohols.

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Other than double and triple bonds, there are groups of elements which have special properties

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  1. III Functional Groups Other than double and triple bonds, there are groups of elements which have special properties Functional Group - Group of atoms which give a hydrocarbon different properties A. Alcohols Many different types of alcohols All are hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group attached Functional group of alcohols --O--H or --OH Notice that the hydroxyl group has one free bonding site to attach to a hydrocarbon chain 1. Writing alcohols Only one hydroxyl group can attach to a carbon H O | | -C--C--OH | | | | -C--C--OH | | never

  2. When writing molecular formulas, the OH is written last H H | | H-C--C--OH | | H H The OH on the end indicates that it is an alcohol C2 H5 OH Example - Write out the molecular formula of the alcohols H | H-C--OH | H H O H H | | | H-C--C--C--H | | | H H H H | HCH HH | | | H-C--C--C--OH | | | H H H C H3 OH C3 H7 OH C3 H9 OH 2. Naming Alcohols Replace the “e” of the alkane name with “ol” We will only be looking at alcohols with single bonds

  3. NameCommon name Characteristics H | H-C--OH | H Wood alcohol Very poisonous used as a laquer thinner Methyl alcohol methane ol H H | | H-C--C--OH | | H H ethanol Ethyl alcohol Mild poison (large doses kill) Used in liquor, medicine Denatured alcohol -ethanol with a small amount of methanol Very poisonous 3. Monohydroxy alcohols Alcohols with one OH group Three different types Based on where on the chain the OH is located

  4. a. Primary Alcohols OH is on the end of the chain Carbon holding the OH has at most one other carbon attached to it No special naming rules H H | | H-C--C--OH | | H H H H H | | | H-C--C--C--OH | | | H H H propanol ethanol b. Secondary Alcohol OH is in the middle of a chain Carbon holding the OH has two other carbons attached to it H H O H H | | | | H-C--C--C--C--H | | | | H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | H-C--C--C--C--C--C--H | | | | | | H H H H O H H 2- hexanol 2- butanol Must number the carbon chain and name the location of the OH

  5. Examples - Name the following alcohols H | H H HCH H | | | | H--C--C--C--C--OH | | | | H H H H Br H H H H | | | | | H-C--C--C--C--C--H | | | | | H H H O H H 5-bromo 2- Pentanol 2-methyl Butanol The carbon chain is numbered for the functional group

  6. 4. Dihydroxy alcohols Have two hydroxyl groups Named by adding “diol” to the alkane name. (keep the “e”) Must name the location of both alcohol groups 1,2- ethanediol H H | | H-C--C--H | | O O H H Commonly called ethylene glycol Common component of antifreeze Written as C2H4(OH)2

  7. 5. Trihydroxy alcohols Have three OH groups attached Add “triol” instead of “diol” H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | H called 1,2,3-propanetriol Commonly called Glycerine or Glycerol Used in fat production Written as C3H5(OH)3 Practice - Name the following alcohols H | H-C-Br | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | H H | H-C-OH | H-C-H | H-C-OH | H Br H H H H | | | | | H-C--C--C--C--C--H | | | | | H O O H O H H H 3-bromo 1,2 propanediol 5-bromo 1,3,4-pentanetriol 1,3-propanediol

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