Chapter 10 Section 3

1. Chapter 10Section 3 Indian Removal

2. Indian Removal Act • Native Americans had long lived in settlements stretching from Georgia to Mississippi. • President Jackson and other leaders wanted to open land for American settlers. • Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. • Authorized removal of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West • Congress then established Indian Territory • This was U.S. land in what is now Oklahoma • THINK – is land in Oklahoma anything like Georgia? Alabama? Mississippi? Florida? • Congress approved the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to manage removal.

3. Native American Removal • Choctaw • First sent to Indian Territory • 7.5 million acres of their land taken away by Mississippi • ¼ died on the way to Indian Territory • Creek • Resisted at first, but were captured and forced to march to Indian Territory • However, some ran away… • Chickasaw • Negotiated treaty for better supplies, but many still died

4. Cherokee Nation • Cherokees adopted white culture, had their won government, and a writing system developed by Sequoya. • Georgia took their land and the Cherokees filed a lawsuit • Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees in Worcester v Georgia, but President Jackson sided with Georgia and took no action to enforce the ruling. • This violated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land. • In 1838, U.S. troops forced Cherokees on an 800-mile march to Indian territory • Over ¼ of the 18,000 Cherokees died.

5. Other Native Americans resist • Chief Black Hawk of the Fox and Sauk tribe fought back rather than leave Illinois • He eventually is forced to leave, after running out of food and supplies • Several Native American tribes had members run away south instead of moving west. • Included Upper and Lower Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Red Sticks, Yamasees, Yuchis, and others • Settled further south in Florida, joining forces with runaway slaves to form Seminoles. • The word Seminole originated in 1763 from Creek (Muskogean) "simano:li", earlier "simalo:ni" meaning "wild, untamed, runaway

6. Second Seminole War • Eventually, U.S. troops enter Florida to remove Seminoles in 1835. • Violated the Treaty of Moultrie Creek signed in 1823, after Seminoles had already agreed to move from the panhandle to central Florida. • Fighting was intense, and U.S. troops were devastated due to their inability to maneuver and find Seminoles in heavy forests and swamps. • Several leaders were captured under false white flags, including Osceola • After hundreds die, around 4,000 members are removed to Oklahoma and form the Seminole Nation. • Some continue to resist and retreat to south Florida in and around the Everglades. This is the Seminole Tribe of Florida. • They continue to claim that they are the only Native American tribe never to sign a treaty or be conquered by the U.S.