1 / 18

IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38

IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38. IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38. Radiation (Ch. 27). Electromagnetic radiation – energy emitted in: Small pulses or quanta or Wave-like patterns

cachet
Télécharger la présentation

IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. IE 419 Work Design:Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38 IE 419

  2. IE 419 Work Design:Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38 IE 419

  3. Radiation (Ch. 27) • Electromagnetic radiation – energy emitted in: • Small pulses or quanta or • Wave-like patterns • Wide range of problems • Nuclear power (Three-mile Island, Chernobyl) • Medical X-rays • Environmental (radon) IE 419

  4. Frequency Spectrum Wavelength = velocity/frequency IE 419

  5. Radiation Terminology • Ionizing – radiation causing ions (bad!) • Nonionizing – not enough energy for ions • Radioactivity – substance decomposing into smaller particles • Alpha particles (α) = He++, large, ↓ penetration • Neutron = ½ α mass, but no charge • Beta particles (β) = electrons, ↑ penetration • X-rays, γ-rays = massless energy, ↑↑penetration • Half life – length of time for decomposition process to consume ½ the original mass IE 419

  6. Radiation Units • Curie = amount of radioactive substance producing 3.7x1010 disintegrations/sec • Roentgen (R) = energy absorption in dry air • Rad (Roentgen absorbed dose) = energy absorption per unit mass of tissue • Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) = Dose of ionizing radiation & biological effect of 1Rad • RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) • Rem = Rad x RBE IE 419

  7. Comparison of Radiation IE 419

  8. Comparison of Radiation • 1 Rem = 1 R = 1 Rad of X-rays • 1 Rem = 0.1 Rad of Neutrons → RBE=10 • 1 Rem = 0.05 Rad of α → RBE = 20 IE 419

  9. Effects of Ionizing Radiation • Blood • White cells • Red cells • Bone marrow • Eyes • Skin • Reproduction IE 419

  10. Radiation Factors • Time • Intensity • Type of particles IE 419

  11. OSHA Limits (1910.1096) Natural exposure = 0.1 rem/yr Medical exposure = 0.1 rem/yr 95% of industrial workers < 1 rem/yr IE 419

  12. Nuclear Radiation - Hiroshima • Deaths = 70,000 (Nagasaki = 40,000) • Heat = 6,000 °C • Shock = over pressures 8-10 psi • Radiation = intense IE 419

  13. Sources of Ionizing Radiation • X-ray equipment • Radio isotopes • β sources • Thorium • High voltage devices • Nuclear radiation • Uranium mill tailings • Nuclear waste disposal IE 419

  14. Precautionary Measures • Restricted access • Shielding • Monitoring • Protective clothing • No food • Cleanup Shielding (mm) IE 419

  15. Ultraviolet Natural Industrial Visible High intensity lamps Sun Welding Infrared Microwaves Absorption, ↑heat Oven, dryers Radar OSHA standards Power < 10mW/cm2 Energy < 1mWhr/cm2 Nonionizing Radiation IE 419

  16. Effect on Human Eye IE 419

  17. Types of Radiation and the Eye X-ray, γ-ray UV light Visible light Near IR light Far IR light μ-waves IE 419

  18. Precautionary Measures • Shields, screening • Warning signs • Avoid metal • Care on direction IE 419

More Related