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Wundt

Wundt. Voluntarism and Introspection. Voluntarism, not volunteerism. Voluntarism : the power of the will to organize the mind’s content into higher-level thought processes.

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Wundt

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  1. Wundt Voluntarism and Introspection

  2. Voluntarism, not volunteerism • Voluntarism: the power of the will to organize the mind’s content into higher-level thought processes. • An associationist model, from simple elements to larger compounds, but it does not simply progress mechanically, the will has an organizing effect.

  3. The contents of the mind • Basic immediate experience (ex: the experience of “redness” or “discomfort”) • Wundt wanted to catalog all possible basic immediate experiences, and form a “periodical table of elements” as chemistry did. • The way to observe consciousness is through the method of introspection.

  4. The method of introspection • Introspection or internal perception (intro = inside, spectare: looking) • Observation of simple processes under very careful conditions that can be replicated • Observers were extensively trained (10,000 observations before they were considered trained)

  5. The Method of mental Chronometry • Invented by Donders • Makes use of reaction time • The more complex mental operation takes more time.

  6. Elements of conscious experience • Sensations: the result of the stimulation of a sense organ. Classified by: • Intensity, duration, sense modality • Feelings: the affective tone of a sensation

  7. Sensations (1) • General sense: • Pressure, heat, cold • Sound • Simple noise, simple tone • Smell and taste • Smell: hard to categorize • Taste: sour, sweet, bitter, salty

  8. Sensations (2) • Light • Achromatic (black/white) • Chromatic (colors) • Dimensions: tone, saturation, brightness

  9. Feelings • Pleasant /unpleasant • Excitement/depression • Tension/relaxation

  10. Psychical compounds • Ideas (composed of several sensations) • Composite feelings (several feelings mixed together) • Emotions (typical form in which affective processes occur). Emotions have a temporal quality: beginning, middle, end. • Volitions (changes in ideas and feelings that bring an emotion to a close)

  11. General consciousness • Interconnects the psychical compounds • When connections are broken, unconsciousness or sleep results • The process of synthesis is creative, growth oriented, and leading toward the development of opposites

  12. The field of consciousness • Everything that is in the field of consciousness at one time. • Includes: • What is subject to apperception, and is perceived clearly • What is subject to Apprehension, and is not seen clearly --background material, existing as a potential for apperception.

  13. Apperception • Apperception is a volitional process, i.e. it has to do with the will. • It is the will that directs the attention and is at the basis of the creative synthesis that leads to the construction of knowledge

  14. Apperception and clinical psychology • Projective tests such as the Rorschach and the TAT are based on the concept of apperception. • TAT: Thematic Apperception Test • Why is it that we perceive reality this or that way?

  15. The End

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