Welcome to Earth Science!

1. Welcome to Earth Science! Please take a few minutes to put yourselves in alphabetical order by last name.

2. Index Card • On one side of the card please fill out information below. In the appropriate spot. Full Name Grade Level Favorite Subject What are you most looking forward to this year? (school ending aside) What are you least looking forward to this year? What, if any sports or extracurricular activities are you a member of, or would you like to be a member of? Anything else you think I should know?

3. Index Card Cont. • Fold your index card the long way so your info is on the inside • On the outside write your first name (or nickname) in large letters so I can read it from the front of the room • Below your name give yourself a # (keep it appropriate) Mr. Hocking #E.Sci.Pro.

4. Classroom Expectations • Course Description: • This class will be broken down into ~8 units listed below. • Prologue • Rocks, Minerals • Dynamic Crust, Earth’s Interior • Surface Processes and Landscapes • Earth History • Meteorology • Water Cycle and Climate • Astronomy • These units will each culminate in a Unit Test with several smaller quizzes taken throughout to prepare students for the Earth Science Regents Examination taken in June.

5. Classroom Expectations • Classroom Expectations: • Students are expected to arrive to class on time and be prepared. Students are also to be in compliance with the student code of conduct found on the Niagara-Wheatfield High School website. Failure to follow expectations will be addressed in a manner consistent with the High School code of conduct. • Students will show respect to each other and the teacher. Name calling, speaking out of turn, and other disrespectful behavior will not be tolerated. • Each day students should bring the following items to class: • Binder/Folder to keep worksheets/notes organized • Blank paper • Pen/Pencil • Calculator • Earth Science Reference Table (provided) • Ruler (occasionally)

6. Classroom Expectations • Bathroom breaks will be only in case of emergency. Please try to take care of bathroom/drink breaks between classes • While in class cell phones and other electronic devices are to be silent, and either stored, or face down at all times. If there is some extenuating circumstance (e.g. family emergency) please let me know ahead of time. If you use your device for anything other than classwork, or without my express permission it will be confiscated in accordance with the student code of conduct. • When the bell rings students are to be in their seats, ready to begin the days lesson. Failure to be ready will result in a tardy. • Class ends at the dismissal bell. Students are expected to remain in their seats until the bell rings. • If you are absent it is your responsibility to come see me to find out what you missed to make up work/notes.

7. Classroom Expectations • Grading Policy: • Each assignment of a category will be weighted equally. This means that a Quiz with 20 questions will be weighted the same as a quiz with 5. Each assignment matters. • Homework/Classwork- 20% • Quizzes- 15% • Labs- 25% • Unit Tests- 40% • Every 2 weeks (in between 5 week marks) I will send home a half sheet of paper for the parent/guardians of each student with the student’s current marking period grade, and any notes about how class has been going.

8. Classroom Expectations • ***Laboratory Policy: • To take the Earth Science Regents Exam each student must earn 1,200 minutes of laboratory activities by two weeks before the Regents Exam is administered. • All labs must receive a passing grade. • Failure to pass all labs will result in the student being ineligible to take the Regents Exam in June. To keep this from happening: • Get labs done on time • If you are absent or fail a lab you have 5 school days to make up the lab or it will be counted as a zero. Come see me to make up work.

9. Passing Papers In/Out • Take out a blank sheet of paper. If you do not have one, borrow one from a friend/classmate or raise your hand. • Write your name in the top left corner, and the date in the top right corner. • When I ask you to, pass your papers to the person in front of you. Put your paper on the top of the person’s behind you. • Make sure all names are complete, first and last name. • I will collect the papers and we will see how well you follow instructions.

10. Passing Papers In/Out Part 2. • I will hand back the papers. • Pass the papers straight backward taking yours. • Under your name write and solve any math problem you want using 3 or more functions (+ - * /). • When both of you at your table have finished, check your table-partner’s math. • When I ask pass your papers back up, I will collect them. • Make sure all names are complete, first and last name. • I will collect the papers and we will see how well you follow instructions.

11. Passing Papers In/Out Part 3. • I will hand back the papers. • Pass the papers straight backward taking yours. • Below your math problem calculate how much class time we have if we are in class for 43 minutes for each of the 187 school days. Give me two answers, one in minutes, one in days. • When I ask, pass your papers back up, I will collect them. • Make sure all names are complete, first and last name. • I will collect the papers and we will see how well you follow instructions. • If at this stage if I can collect everyone's papers in less than 30 seconds I will add an additional 100% to everyone’s HW/Classwork Grade.

12. Unit 1- Prologue

13. Observation • Observation: the interaction of our senses with the environment around us • There are 5 senses • Sight • Hearing • Touch • Taste • Smell

14. How can we be sure our observations are accurate? • Use a standardized tool/instrument • Examples: • Ruler- Distance • Balance- Mass • Graduated Cylinder- Volume • But Mr. Hocking, I have great senses, why would I need tools?

15. Testing your observations Use only your sense of sight to make observations to determine: 1. Which of the two center circles appears larger?

16. Testing your observations • 2. Which of the yellow lines looks longer? • 3. Which of the pairs of lines look parallel?

17. Testing your observations • 4. Are any of the gray horizontal lines parallel?

18. Testing your observations • 5. Is this a young woman or an old woman? • 6. Do you see a musician or a girl’s face?

19. Here are a couple more… How can we determine if our power of observation using only sight was accurate?

20. What caused the optical illusions? • Since our observations are limited by our senses • Scientific instruments improve our powers of observation • Theses devices extend our senses beyond normal limits • This enables us to make observations that would otherwise be impossible or highly inaccurate • Think of trying to study Jupiter without a telescope

21. Other tools you should know • Graduated Cylinder • Volume • Triple Beam Balance • Mass • Spring Scale • Weight

22. Other tools you should know • Compass • Direction • Microscope • Magnifies Small Objects • Telescope • Magnifies Far Away Objects

23. Other tools you should know • Weather Vane • Wind Direction • Anemometer • Wind Speed • Thermometer • Temperature • Barometer • Air Pressure

24. Which instrument can be used to measure each of these? • Microscope • Graduated Cylinder • Thermometer

25. Observations and Tools Review • 1 We have 5 ways to sense the world around us. What are they? • Sight__________________ • Hearing_______________ • Touch_________________ • Taste_________________ • Smell_________________ • 2 Since our senses can be fooled, we use _Scientific Tools__ to enhance our senses and improve our observations

26. Sight Touch

27. Measurement • A way of expressing an observation with greater precision. • Provides a numerical value for some property • Measurements consist of • Numerical Value • Label (Units) • Rounding

28. Rounding • It is important to round correctly • Failure to do so will result in an otherwise correct answer being marked wrong • Thousands- 3 zeroes 1000, 2000, 3000, etc. • Hundred- 2 zeroes 100, 200, 300, etc. • Tens- 1 zero 10, 20, 30, etc. • Ones- no zero 1, 2, 3, etc. • Tenths- 1 decimal place 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 etc. • Hundredths- 2 decimal places 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, etc. • Thousandths- 3 decimal places 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, etc.

29. Rounding • It is important to round correctly • Failure to do so will result in an otherwise correct answer being marked wrong • Examples: • 0.1 = • 0.01 = • 0.001 =

30. Units/Properties • Properties that can be measured include • Length • Area • Volume • Mass • Weight • Temperature • Density • Time • Others as well • Each of these has their own unique units or combination of units

31. 1- Length • One Dimension • Distance between two points • Linear Measurement • Instrument- Ruler • Unit- Meter (m) • Centi- 1/100th of a meter • 100 cm = 1 m • Milli- 1/1000th of a meter • 1,000mm = 1 m • Kilo- 1,000 meters • 1 km = 1,000 m • Prefixes in order • Giga, Mega, Kilo, Deca • BASE • deci, centi, mili, micro, nano, pico

32. 1 cm = 10 mm A B C D E F G A 8 millimeters, or 0.8 centimeters B 19 millimeters, or 1.9 centimeters C 37 millimeters, or 3.7 centimeters D 55 millimeters, or 5.5 centimeters E 68 millimeters, or 6.8 centimeters F 88 millimeters, or 8.8 centimeters G 104 millimeters, or 10.4 centimeters

33. 5. Measure each line segment to the nearest tenth of a centimeter (0.1) and then convert to millimeters. (a.) 4.0 cm or 40 mm (b.) 5.6 cm or 56 mm (c.) 2.9 cm or 29 mm (d.) 7.3 cm or 73 mm (e.) 1.0 cm or 10 mm

34. 2- Area • Distance in Two Dimensions (length and width) • Surface space • Instrument- Ruler • Formula- A = L x W or A = π x r2 • Units- distance squared • Sq. cm or cm2

35. Determine the area of each figure below. Round your final answer to the nearest tenth. (b) (a) 11.5 cm2 10.6 cm2

36. 3a- Volume (rectangular) • Distance in ThreeDimensions (length and width and height) • Amount of space • Instrument- Ruler • Formula- V = L x W x H • Units- Distance cubed • ccmor cm3

37. e) Determine the volume of the objects below. Round your final answer to the nearest hundredth. 1. 2. 12.38 cm3 8.00 cm3

38. 3b- Volume (fluid/displacement) • Distance in ThreeDimensions (length and width and height) • Amount of space • Instrument- Graduated Cylinder • Units- liters • L • Note: 1 cm3 = 1 mL

39. 73 ml Be sure to read the bottomof the meniscusof the fluid in the graduated cylinderWhat is the volume of the liquid in the graduated cylinders illustrated in your notes?

40. Volume by displacement Volume after: Volume before: 9 ml 7 ml Volume of object: 2 ml

41. 4- Mass • Amount of matter an object possesses • Instrument- Triple-beam balance or electronic balance • Unit- gram

42. 3. What is the mass reading for the balance below: 17.0 g

43. 5- Density • Concentration of matter in an object • Formula- D = M / V • Unit of mass per unit of volume • Units- g/L or g/cm3

44. ESRT Pg. 1 • Equations

45. ESRT Pg. 1 • Equations • This box contains equations you will need on the Regents Exam • Density is included • This is so you never have an excuse to forget

46. 3. Steps to follow when solving density problems: 1. Underline what you are trying to find. 2. Use the density triangle to write the formula. 3. Substitute with units. 4. Solve problem and give answer with units rounded correctly. Practice Density Word Problems: 1-The density of a piece of granite is 2.7 g/ml and its mass is 150 g. What is the volume of the piece of granite? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

47. 2- The dimensions of a rectangular solid object is given as illustrated to the right. Given that this object has a mass of 150 grams, determine the density of the object. Round to nearest tenth (.1). 2.0CM 2.0 cm 5.0 cm

48. 3- The initial volume in a graduated cylinder measures 40 ml, a small pebble is placed in the graduated cylinder and the water rises to 65 ml. The mass of the pebble is 80 grams. What is the density of the pebble? Round to nearest tenth (.1).

49. 4- Object Y is a perfect cube. The density of object Y is 5.5 g/cm3 and the mass is 44.0 g. Calculate the volume of the cube. Round to nearest (.01) Answer: 8.00cm3 Since Object Y is a perfect cube, determine the length of each side of the cube. Answer: 2.0cm

50. 5- The diagram shows equal masses of four different earth materials at different temperatures. Which material has the greatest density? • Water 3. granite • Iron 4. dry air